SAQ 2011 Flashcards
What three things comprise a respiratory acinus?
Resp acinus is are the ONLY PLACEs GASEOUS EXCHANGE OCCURS = RESP BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR AND ALVEOLI
Describe histo of clara cells and where they are found
CLARA CELLS = MOSTLY TERMINAL BROCHIOLES, ROUGH ER + GRANULES = SECRETORY
- What part of your respiratory tract lies behind sternal angle?
Trachea = the CARINA IS BIFURCATION @ T4
Which cell types produce... Gastrin HCl Intrinsic factor pepsinogen
- G cell
- Parietal (B12-intrinsic factor @ terminal ileum)
- Chief cells
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hcl in stomach
Where in the stomach is each cell type found
G cell - antrum
Parietal - body and fundus
Chief cell - body, fundus and pylorus
Enterchromaffin like cell - releases histamine, found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa /mostly parietal cells
Name two things that stimulate HCl release?
Histamine
Acetylcholine
What releases somatostatin
Delta cells in the pancreas and dudenum
Most common glucocorticoid
Cortisol = symp (in response to stress)
Diurnal cycles of cortisol levels
What is the hypothalamus, anterior pit, adrenal
hypothalamus, = corticotropin releasing hormone (CTRH)
anterior pit = adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
adrenal = cortisol
cortisol -ve feedback
What receptor does Adrenocorticotropin hormone bind to?
G-protein coupled receptor
What receptor does cortisol bind to?
Nuclear receptors
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release? Which hormones affect the anterior pit gland
- FSH/LH (GnRH)
- adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) (corticotrophin releasing hormone CTRH)
- tHYROID STIMULATING HORMONE ( thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
- prolactin (dopamine -ve)
- Growth hormone (GHrH)
Diseases linked to obesity
Hypertension, CVD, Type II diabetes, CHD and stroke, cancer
Increases in obesity
- “Americanization” of diet and society
ii Increasing dominance of car culture, less walking
iii Numerous technical advances minimising physical work
iv More commuting
v Longer working hours
vi Greater availability of energy dense food, cheaper, better promoted
vii Replacing water by sugary drinks
How does progesterone act on the uterus (two things)?
Thickening of the lining (to prevent miscarriage)
Prevents uterine smooth muscle contraction
A biopsy of mid-secretory phase endometrium is normal. Give three histological features that will be seen.
Glands becoming tortuous
Formation of spiral arteries
Stromal oedema
- What hormone does the normal pregnancy test look for?
Human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)
- Name two effects that oestrogen has on the endometrium
Uterine SM growth
Softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments
- By the 28th week what 3 changes would there be in an embryos cardiorespiratory system?
Day 22- heart beat
Wk 24 – surfactant
Wk 20 – ductus arteriosus opens
Name 3 features of embryological circulation, what ligaments are left after
- Ductus arteroisus = pulmonary artery to aorta (Connection between the truncus pulmonalis and the aorta)
- Ductus venosum = bypasses the liver, then forms ligamentum venosum (some flows to liver some flows straight to RA via ductus venosus and IVC)
- Ligamentum Teres = umbilical vein
- Foramen ovule - fossa ovalis
RA to LA
Name one hormone from the pituitary and one from the chorion/decidua that induce labour
Pituitary – oxytocin,
Chorion/decidua – Prostaglandins (also induce labour)
What anatomical site is affected in Parkinson’s, what are the symptoms
Substantia nigra, less dopamine, less movement
- tremor rolling-pin
- gait
- What is the neurotransmitter deficit in Huntington’s disease?
GABA (inhibitory)
caudate nucleus
= more movement
. Patient’s wife complains of wasting in the thenar muscles and loss of sensation in thumb and first two fingers. Which nerve is compressed and what structure is compressing it?
Median and flexor retinaculum = forms carpel tunnel
Give four features of pain as defined by the international pain society??
-subjective-always unpleasant -psychological state-emotional experience
How do women and men differ in their responses to pain?
Women report pain more readily but tolerate more pain than males
- A patients Calcium is low but phosphate is normal. What two systemic ‘hormones’ are responsible for the abnormalities.
Parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
Name three ways that the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and upper gut contribute to innate immunity
Mucus traps bacteria
Muco-ciliary escalator wafts to top of oesophagus
Swallowed and degraded by the low pH of the HCl in the stomach
Give one oxygen dependent method that phagocytes use to kill ingested material
respiratory burst
-releases reactive oxygen species
