SAQ 2014

Question 1

Structure of bile salts

Where are they reabsorbed?

Answer 1

Glycine/Taurine
Phospholipids, cholesterol,

(mainly oxidation of cholesterol - P450 cytochrome)
About 95% = active transport in the ileum and recycled back to the liver , begins is duodenum

Question 2

Full name of LH and FSH

Answer 2

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone

Question 3

When is disclosure allowed? (confidentiality)

Answer 3

If there is danger to the patient (exploitation)

When it’s in the public interest (crime)

Patient consented (use in education)

Question 4

3 roles of macrophages in host defence?

Answer 4

Phagocytose
Antigen presenting cell
release cytokines to activate lymphocytes

Question 5

Differences between R and L main bronchi?

Answer 5

R is more vertical, wider and shorter

Question 6

Two types of cell in a normal ovary that secrete oestrogen

Answer 6

Theca/stromal (produce androgens)

Granulosa

Question 7

What is the function of Thyroidperoxidase? (3 marks)

Answer 7

Liberates iodine for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin

Question 8

How is thyroid transported?

What receptors do they bind to?

Answer 8

Thyroid Binding Protein and Albumin

-nuclear receptors

Question 9

Two functions of thyroxine

Answer 9

CNS development, increased use of sodium/potassium/ATPase channels, increases BMR, potentiates catecholamines

Question 10

What hormones are secreted from thyroid?

Answer 10

Thyroxine (tetra-iodothyronine)

Tri-iodothyronine T3

Question 11

Decreases in PVR?

Answer 11

Nitric oxide

Hypoxia

Cardon dioxide

Atrial Natriuetic Peptide

Question 12

Primary visual cortex is where? What sulcus

Answer 12

Occipital Lobe –Calcarine Sulcus (17)

Question 13

Which nerves are in pupillary reflex

Answer 13

Optic

Oculomotor

Question 14

Pain anatomy

Answer 14

Amygdala - emotional

insula - subjective pain perception (judgement)

sensorimotor cortex - positional awareness

Anterior cingulate - pain sensation

Pre frontal cortex = pain wareness

Question 15

What material is meniscus of knee made from

Answer 15

Fibrocartilagenous

Question 16

69. What nerves supply these compartments of the thigh? (2 marks each)

Answer 16

Anterior – Femoral

Medial – Obtruator

Posterior – Sciatic

Question 17

70. Which muscle(s) help to stabilize the knee?

Answer 17

Quadriceps

Question 18

73. What makes up the carpal tunnel? (2 marks)

Answer 18

Carpel Bones and Flexor Retinaculum

Median nerve

Question 19

a) Name the 3 joints in the synovial cavity in the knee?

Answer 19

Medial Tibiofemoral (condyloid)
Lateral Tibiofemoral (condyloid)
Patellofemoral (gliding)

Question 20

Which way is varus/valgus?

What is damaged with each

Answer 20

Varus = knees point out (R U out?) 
Valgus = knees point in

Varus - lateral collateral
Valgus - medial collateral

Question 21

What protects the knee joint from dislocating anteriorly

What protects the knee joint from dislocating posteriorly/ strengthens the back of the knee

Guy playing football, was tackled from the front of his left knee. Injury causing hyperextension of the knee - which structure in the knee is injured?

Answer 21

prevents dislocatation anteriorly = anterior cruciate ligament + ligamentum patellae

prevents dislocatation posteriorly =posterior cruciate ligament - Oblique Popliteal

posterior cruciate ligament

Question 22

Why would you get referred pain to the shoulder with gallbladder/diaphragmatic irritation?

Answer 22

Shoulder = C5 dermatone

Diaphragm = C345

Question 23

68. Which meniscus is fasten tightly to the tibial joint?

Answer 23

Medial