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Psych 239 > Substance Use-Related and Addictive Disorders > Flashcards

Substance Use-Related and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 categories of substance use-related and addictive disorders?

A
  1. Substance use disorders.

2. Substance induced disorders.

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2
Q

What is a substance use disorder?

A

Patterns of maladaptive behaviour involving the use of a psychoactive substance. Includes substance abuse and substance dependance disorders.

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3
Q

What is a substance induced disorder?

A

Disorders induced by the use of psychoactive substances, including intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, mood disorders, delirium, and amnesia.

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4
Q

Substance use disorder involves the continued use of a psychoactive drug, despite the knowledge that it…

A

Contributes to problems.

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5
Q

What is tolerance?

A

It takes more of the drug to get you back to the baseline from before.

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6
Q

What is withdrawal syndrome?

A

Happens when you stop taking the drug, and you experience adverse effects.

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7
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Abnormally rapid heartbeat.

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8
Q

What are some features of Delirium Tremens?

A

Sweating, hallucinations, tremors, jitters, and confusion. Occurs after you suddenly stop taking a drug.

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9
Q

What is addiction?

A

Impaired control over the use of a chemical substance accompanied by physiological dependence.

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10
Q

What is physiological dependence?

A

State of being physically dependent on a drug which the users’ body comes to depend on a steady supply.

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11
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

Reliance on a substance, although one may not be physically dependent.

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12
Q

What are the top 3 commonly used drugs in North America?

A
  1. Tobacco.
  2. Alcohol.
  3. Marijuana.
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13
Q

What are the 3 steps in the pathway to drug dependence?

A
  1. Experimentation.
  2. Routine use.
  3. Addiction/powerlessness.
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14
Q

What is part of the experimentation step in the pathway to drug dependence?

A

Enjoying the experience. Can be the result of peer pressure. Still in control.

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15
Q

What is part of the routine use step in the pathway to drug dependence?

A

In denial, have a hard time changing habits. Life changes to accommodate.

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16
Q

What is part of the addiction/powerlessness step in the pathway to drug dependence?

A

Uncontrollable, physiological reactions.

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17
Q

What are some risk factors for alcoholism?

A
  • Gender (women start later, but catch up).
  • Age (prior to 40).
  • Antisocial personality disorder (increases risk).
  • Family history (modelling).
  • Sociodemographic factors.
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18
Q

What are some conceptions of alcoholism?

A

Disease, moral deficit, or behaviour pattern.

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19
Q

Some people believe that psychologically, alcohol can make you…

A

More calm, more social.

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20
Q

What are some physical health risks associated with alcohol, and what do they cause?

A

Alcohol-induced persisting amnesia and Korsakoff’s Syndrome. Can be traced to a thiamine deficiency, can cause memories to be replaced with false/faulty ones.

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21
Q

Moderate drinking can have positive effects on the ___.

A

Heart.

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22
Q

How are different ethnic groups affected by alcohol?

A

First Nations are more likely to get addicted, while Jews are less likely. Asians tend to drink less.

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23
Q

What are barbiturates?

A

Sedatives. They are relaxing, induce sleep, reduce stress and tension.

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24
Q

What is the most common street drug?

A

Barbiturates.

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25
Q

Barbiturates are less/more powerful when mixed with alcohol.

A

More.

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26
Q

What are opiates?

A

Narcotics, analgesia, and endorphins. Used for pain relieving, can cause euphoria.

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27
Q

What is withdrawal symptoms for opiates similar to?

A

Flu symptoms.

28
Q

What are stimulants?

A

“Uppers”. Amphetamines that get you super high and end in a crash.

29
Q

What is cocaine?

A

Includes crack cocaine. Cocaine is the most habit forming, and people are prone to binges.

30
Q

What is freebasing?

A

When cocaine users heat or freeze cocaine, then smoke it.

31
Q

Nicotine is sometimes taken because people believe…

A

It can lead to weight loss, or that it can reduce nervousness.

32
Q

Nicotine and cigarettes cause __% of lung cancer.

A

90.

33
Q

_ million people a year die from nicotine addictions.

A

3.

34
Q

___ cancer recently surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of death for women.

A

Lung.

35
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

Psychodialectics and LSD. Can result in flashbacks, which can be positive or negative.

36
Q

Flashbacks are not memories, they are…

A

Re-experiences.

37
Q

Which people smoke more?

A

Aboriginal and lower class.

38
Q

What is phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

A readily available and inexpensive drug that was originally used as an anaesthetic, can cause delirium, disorientation, and dissociation.

39
Q

Marijuana is also called ___ or ___, and its use is more common in…

A

THC, hashish, 18-30 year old males.

40
Q

What are inhalants?

A

Can include adhesives, aerosols, paint, markers, etc. Can lead to a sense of intoxication and euphoria. Dosing can lead to death.

41
Q

What is gambling disorder classified as under DSM-V?

A

A substance use disorder.

42
Q

Biological perspectives maintain that substance use disorders can be a result of:

A
  • Neurotransmitters.
  • Brain’s reward centres (serotonin and cocaine).
  • Dopamine.
43
Q

Which substances can have effects on dopamine levels and lead to substance use disorders?

A
  1. Nicotine.
  2. Alcohol.
  3. Heroin.
  4. Cocaine.
  5. Marijuana.
44
Q

Learning perspectives maintain that substance use disorders can be a result of:

A
  • Operant conditioning.
  • Alcohol and tension reduction.
  • Negative reinforcement and withdrawal (peer pressure).
  • Conditioning Model of Cravings.
  • Observational learning.
45
Q

What is the Conditioning Model of Cravings?

A

People are conditioned to crave certain things in certain situations. For example, craving popcorn in a movie theatre, but not in everyday life.

46
Q

Cognitive perspectives maintain that substance use disorders can be a result of:

A
  • Outcome experiences and decision making.
  • Self Efficacy Experiment.
  • Does one slip cause people to go into binges?
  • What you believe is what you get.
47
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals.

48
Q

According to the Psychodynamic Perspective and Freud, smoking is a result of…

A

Oral fixation.

49
Q

According to the sociocultural perspective, are there variations of addictions between different cultural groups?

A

Yes.

50
Q

What are some treatment methods used by the biological perspective?

A
  • Detoxification.
  • Disulfiram.
  • Antidepressants.
  • Nicotine Replacement Therapy.
  • Methadone Maintenance Programs.
  • Naloxone and naltrexone.
51
Q

What is disulfiram?

A

A drug that discourages alcohol use.

52
Q

What are antidepressants used to treat?

A

Cocaine addictions.

53
Q

What are Methadone Maintenence Programs used to treat?

A

Heroin.

54
Q

What are Naloxone and Naltextrose used to treat, and how?

A

Blocks high produced by heroin and opiates.

55
Q

Give an example of a nonprofessional support group.

A

Alcoholics Anonymous

56
Q

What are some treatment methods used by the behavioural approach?

A
  • Self-control strategies.
  • Aversive conditioning.
  • Social skills training (Raj from BBT).
  • Relapse Preventing Training.
57
Q

What percentage of patients relapse?

A

50-90%.

58
Q

What is the Abstinence Violation Effect?

A

If you slip up once, you go on a binge because you think that you already messed up and can’t make it worse.

59
Q

What are the Stages of Change?

A
  1. Precontemplation.
  2. Contemplation.
  3. Preparation.
  4. Action.
  5. Adaptation/Maintenence.
  6. Evaluation.
60
Q

With respect to Stages of Change, what is precontemplation?

A

No intention to change, and unaware of problem.

61
Q

With respect to Stages of Change, what is contemplation?

A

Aware problem exists and serious evaluation of options, but not committed to taking action.

62
Q

With respect to Stages of Change, what is preparation?

A

Intends to take action and makes small changes- needs to set goals and priorities.

63
Q

With respect to Stages of Change, what is action?

A

Dedicates considerable time and energy, make overt and viable changes, develops strategies to deal with barriers.

64
Q

With respect to Stages of Change, what is adaptation/maintenence?

A

Works to adapt and adjust to facilitate maintenance of change.

65
Q

With respect to Stages of Change, what is evaluation?

A

Assessment and feedback to continue dynamic change process.

66
Q

Deciding to, or not deciding to take drugs is called ___.

A

Compliance.

67
Q

What are the key features of delerium tremens and delerium?

A

Delerium tremens is mainly hallucinations, while delerium is confusion.

Psych 239 (16 decks)

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