Substance Use-Related and Addictive Disorders Flashcards
What are the 2 categories of substance use-related and addictive disorders?
- Substance use disorders.
2. Substance induced disorders.
What is a substance use disorder?
Patterns of maladaptive behaviour involving the use of a psychoactive substance. Includes substance abuse and substance dependance disorders.
What is a substance induced disorder?
Disorders induced by the use of psychoactive substances, including intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, mood disorders, delirium, and amnesia.
Substance use disorder involves the continued use of a psychoactive drug, despite the knowledge that it…
Contributes to problems.
What is tolerance?
It takes more of the drug to get you back to the baseline from before.
What is withdrawal syndrome?
Happens when you stop taking the drug, and you experience adverse effects.
What is tachycardia?
Abnormally rapid heartbeat.
What are some features of Delirium Tremens?
Sweating, hallucinations, tremors, jitters, and confusion. Occurs after you suddenly stop taking a drug.
What is addiction?
Impaired control over the use of a chemical substance accompanied by physiological dependence.
What is physiological dependence?
State of being physically dependent on a drug which the users’ body comes to depend on a steady supply.
What is psychological dependence?
Reliance on a substance, although one may not be physically dependent.
What are the top 3 commonly used drugs in North America?
- Tobacco.
- Alcohol.
- Marijuana.
What are the 3 steps in the pathway to drug dependence?
- Experimentation.
- Routine use.
- Addiction/powerlessness.
What is part of the experimentation step in the pathway to drug dependence?
Enjoying the experience. Can be the result of peer pressure. Still in control.
What is part of the routine use step in the pathway to drug dependence?
In denial, have a hard time changing habits. Life changes to accommodate.
What is part of the addiction/powerlessness step in the pathway to drug dependence?
Uncontrollable, physiological reactions.
What are some risk factors for alcoholism?
- Gender (women start later, but catch up).
- Age (prior to 40).
- Antisocial personality disorder (increases risk).
- Family history (modelling).
- Sociodemographic factors.
What are some conceptions of alcoholism?
Disease, moral deficit, or behaviour pattern.
Some people believe that psychologically, alcohol can make you…
More calm, more social.
What are some physical health risks associated with alcohol, and what do they cause?
Alcohol-induced persisting amnesia and Korsakoff’s Syndrome. Can be traced to a thiamine deficiency, can cause memories to be replaced with false/faulty ones.
Moderate drinking can have positive effects on the ___.
Heart.
How are different ethnic groups affected by alcohol?
First Nations are more likely to get addicted, while Jews are less likely. Asians tend to drink less.
What are barbiturates?
Sedatives. They are relaxing, induce sleep, reduce stress and tension.
What is the most common street drug?
Barbiturates.
Barbiturates are less/more powerful when mixed with alcohol.
More.
What are opiates?
Narcotics, analgesia, and endorphins. Used for pain relieving, can cause euphoria.
What is withdrawal symptoms for opiates similar to?
Flu symptoms.
What are stimulants?
“Uppers”. Amphetamines that get you super high and end in a crash.
What is cocaine?
Includes crack cocaine. Cocaine is the most habit forming, and people are prone to binges.
What is freebasing?
When cocaine users heat or freeze cocaine, then smoke it.
Nicotine is sometimes taken because people believe…
It can lead to weight loss, or that it can reduce nervousness.
Nicotine and cigarettes cause __% of lung cancer.
90.
_ million people a year die from nicotine addictions.
3.
___ cancer recently surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of death for women.
Lung.
What are hallucinogens?
Psychodialectics and LSD. Can result in flashbacks, which can be positive or negative.
Flashbacks are not memories, they are…
Re-experiences.
Which people smoke more?
Aboriginal and lower class.
What is phencyclidine (PCP)?
A readily available and inexpensive drug that was originally used as an anaesthetic, can cause delirium, disorientation, and dissociation.
Marijuana is also called ___ or ___, and its use is more common in…
THC, hashish, 18-30 year old males.
What are inhalants?
Can include adhesives, aerosols, paint, markers, etc. Can lead to a sense of intoxication and euphoria. Dosing can lead to death.
What is gambling disorder classified as under DSM-V?
A substance use disorder.
Biological perspectives maintain that substance use disorders can be a result of:
- Neurotransmitters.
- Brain’s reward centres (serotonin and cocaine).
- Dopamine.
Which substances can have effects on dopamine levels and lead to substance use disorders?
- Nicotine.
- Alcohol.
- Heroin.
- Cocaine.
- Marijuana.
Learning perspectives maintain that substance use disorders can be a result of:
- Operant conditioning.
- Alcohol and tension reduction.
- Negative reinforcement and withdrawal (peer pressure).
- Conditioning Model of Cravings.
- Observational learning.
What is the Conditioning Model of Cravings?
People are conditioned to crave certain things in certain situations. For example, craving popcorn in a movie theatre, but not in everyday life.
Cognitive perspectives maintain that substance use disorders can be a result of:
- Outcome experiences and decision making.
- Self Efficacy Experiment.
- Does one slip cause people to go into binges?
- What you believe is what you get.
What is self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals.
According to the Psychodynamic Perspective and Freud, smoking is a result of…
Oral fixation.
According to the sociocultural perspective, are there variations of addictions between different cultural groups?
Yes.
What are some treatment methods used by the biological perspective?
- Detoxification.
- Disulfiram.
- Antidepressants.
- Nicotine Replacement Therapy.
- Methadone Maintenance Programs.
- Naloxone and naltrexone.
What is disulfiram?
A drug that discourages alcohol use.
What are antidepressants used to treat?
Cocaine addictions.
What are Methadone Maintenence Programs used to treat?
Heroin.
What are Naloxone and Naltextrose used to treat, and how?
Blocks high produced by heroin and opiates.
Give an example of a nonprofessional support group.
Alcoholics Anonymous
What are some treatment methods used by the behavioural approach?
- Self-control strategies.
- Aversive conditioning.
- Social skills training (Raj from BBT).
- Relapse Preventing Training.
What percentage of patients relapse?
50-90%.
What is the Abstinence Violation Effect?
If you slip up once, you go on a binge because you think that you already messed up and can’t make it worse.
What are the Stages of Change?
- Precontemplation.
- Contemplation.
- Preparation.
- Action.
- Adaptation/Maintenence.
- Evaluation.
With respect to Stages of Change, what is precontemplation?
No intention to change, and unaware of problem.
With respect to Stages of Change, what is contemplation?
Aware problem exists and serious evaluation of options, but not committed to taking action.
With respect to Stages of Change, what is preparation?
Intends to take action and makes small changes- needs to set goals and priorities.
With respect to Stages of Change, what is action?
Dedicates considerable time and energy, make overt and viable changes, develops strategies to deal with barriers.
With respect to Stages of Change, what is adaptation/maintenence?
Works to adapt and adjust to facilitate maintenance of change.
With respect to Stages of Change, what is evaluation?
Assessment and feedback to continue dynamic change process.
Deciding to, or not deciding to take drugs is called ___.
Compliance.
What are the key features of delerium tremens and delerium?
Delerium tremens is mainly hallucinations, while delerium is confusion.
