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Psych 239 > Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are acute episodes of schizophrenia characterized by? (5)

A

Delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, incoherent speech, and bizarre behaviour.

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2
Q

During episodes of schizophrenia, how do sufferers act?

A

They may still be unable to think clearly and lack proper emotional responses.

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3
Q

What did Emil Kraeplin call schizophrenia?

A

Dementia praecox; to be out (dementis) of one’s mind (praecox).

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4
Q

What was Kraeplin’s idea of dementia praecox?

A

There was something wrong with the body; it presented in childhood; it spiralled downwards.

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5
Q

Who brought the term “schizophrenia”?

A

Eugen Bleuler

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6
Q

What were Bleuler’s 4 A’s for schizophrenia symptoms?

A

Associations, affect, ambivalence, and autism.

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7
Q

What were the problems with Bleuler’s association?

A

Relationships among thoughts become disturbed, disrupted, and tangential.

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8
Q

What were the problems with Bleuler’s affect?

A

Emotional responses become flattened or inappropriate.

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9
Q

What were the problems with Bleuler’s ambivalence?

A

Holding conflicting feelings towards others.

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10
Q

What were the problems with Bleuler’s autism?

A

Withdrawal into a private fantasy world that is not bound by logic.

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11
Q

What did Kurt Schneider believe about schizophrenia?

A

That there were first-rank and second-rank symptoms.

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12
Q

What are first-rank symptoms?

A

They must be experienced in order to diagnose schizophrenia, mainly included delusions and hallucinations.

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13
Q

What are second-rank-symptoms?

A

Symptoms associated with schizophrenia that also occur in other psychological conditions. E.g., disturbances of mood and confused thinking.

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14
Q

What is the main issue with first and second rank symptoms?

A

The potential for misdiagnosis occurs.

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15
Q

What percentage of the adult Canadian population does schizophrenia affect?

A

1%

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16
Q

Which gender is more often affected by schizophrenia?

A

Both are affected equally, but men develop the disorder earlier.

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17
Q

What is an indicator of the likely severity of schizophrenia?

A

How early it develops.

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18
Q

Where does schizophrenia place on the list of causes of disability worldwide?

A

5th.

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19
Q

What percentage of schizophrenics attempt suicide?

A

40-60%

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20
Q

What percentage of schizophrenics die because of suicide?

A

10%

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21
Q

How much more likely are schizophrenics to die from suicide compared to the rest of the population?

A

15-25 times more likely.

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22
Q

What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?

A

Prodromal, acute, and residual.

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23
Q

What is the prodromal phase characterized by?

A

Waning interest in social activities and increasing difficulty meeting the responsibilities of everyday living. The person deteriorates, but is not actively delusional.

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24
Q

What is the acute phase characterized by?

A

Active delusions and/or hallucinations. Presence of positive symptoms.

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25
Q

What is the residual phase characterized by?

A

Behaviour returns to the level similar in function prior to the first acute phase.

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26
Q

What are the 6 categories of major features of schizophrenia?

A

Disturbances of thought and speech, disturbances in form of thought, attentional deficiencies, perceptual disturbances, emotional disturbances, and other.

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27
Q

Disturbances of thought and speech are characterized by what?

A

Delusions.

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28
Q

What are the types of delusions experienced by schizophrenics?

A

Delusions of persecution, reference, being controlled, grandeur, thought broadcasting, thought insertion, and thought withdrawal.

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29
Q

What are delusions of persecution?

A

Thinking that people are out to get them.

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30
Q

What are delusions of reference?

A

Thinking that people are talking about them.

31
Q

What are delusions of being controlled?

A

Believing one’s thoughts, feelings, or actions are being controlled by external forces (agents or devils).

32
Q

What are delusions of grandeur?

A

Believing oneself to be more important than they really are. E.g., believing oneself to be Jesus on a special mission, or having a grand but illogical plan to save the world.

33
Q

What is thought broadcasting?

A

A delusion that one’s thoughts about being transmitted to the external world so that people can hear them.

34
Q

What is thought insertion?

A

A delusion that one’s thoughts have been planted into one’s mind by an external source.

35
Q

What is thought withdrawal?

A

A delusion that one’s thoughts have been removed from one’s mind.

36
Q

What are 6 disturbances in the form of thought?

A

Thought disorder, neologisms, perservation, clanging, blocking, and poverty of speech.

37
Q

What is thought disorder?

A

The breakdown in the organization, syntax, processing, and control of thoughts.

38
Q

What are neologisms?

A

Words made up by the speaker that have little or no meaning to others.

39
Q

What is perservation?

A

Inappropriate but persistent repetition of the same words or train of thought.

40
Q

What is clanging?

A

Stringing together words or sounds on the basis of rhyming.

41
Q

What is blocking?

A

Involuntary, abrupt interruption of speech or thought.

42
Q

What is poverty of speech?

A

Not speaking much, and what is spoken makes no sense.

43
Q

What is an example of an attentional deficiency?

A

Hyper-vigilance: acute sensitivity to extraneous senses, especially during the early stages of the disorder.

44
Q

What are common perceptual disturbances?

A

Auditory hallucinations, self talk, tactile hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, and command hallucinations.

45
Q

What percentage of cases present with auditory hallucinations?

A

60%

46
Q

What are command hallucinations? What percentage of cases present with them?

A

Beliefs that you must do something, often hurting someone. 80% have them.

47
Q

What is the theory of the causes of hallucinations?

A

Especially sensitive dopamine receptors.

48
Q

What is an example of an emotional disturbance?

A

Flat affect: low levels of arousal.

49
Q

What are some other types of impairment?

A

Stupor: a state of relative or complete unconsciousness in which the person is not generally aware of the environment.

50
Q

What is the categorical model of schizophrenia?

A

There are two types of schizophrenia: type I and type II.

51
Q

What is type I schizophrenia?

A

The presence of positive symptoms; abnormal behaviour such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, disorganized speech, inappropriate affect, etc.

52
Q

What is type II schizophrenia?

A

The presence of negative symptoms; absence of normal behaviour. Social skills deficit, social withdrawal, flat affect, poverty of speech or thought, psychomotor retardation, failure to experience pleasure.

53
Q

Are the two types of schizophrenia mutually exclusive?

A

No, the may both present in a diagnosis.

54
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective on schizophrenia?

A

The person is regressing to an early period in the oral stage due to stressors.

55
Q

What is Harry Stack Sullivan’s psychodynamic theory of schizophrenia?

A

Anxious and hostile interactions between parent and child lead the child to take refuge in a private fantasy world.

56
Q

What is the learning perspective (Ulmann and Krasner) on schizophrenia?

A

If children grow up in a non-reinforcing environment, they never learn to respond appropriately to social stimuli.

57
Q

Why do learning theorists believe people present with sever schizophrenic symptoms?

A

They model after the more severe schizophrenics because they are getting the most attention.

58
Q

What is the biological perspective on schizophrenia?

A

Viral infections, brain abnormalities, genetic, and biochemical factors contribute.

59
Q

What is the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A

They do not produce more dopamine, but rather have a greater than normal amount of receptors that are more sensitive.

60
Q

What drugs are used to treat schizophrenia based on the dopamine theory?

A

Neuroleptic drugs that block dopamine receptors.

61
Q

What is the viral infection theory of schizophrenia?

A

The theory that schizophrenia is a slow-acting virus that attacks the developing brain of a fetus or newborn child.

62
Q

What areas of the brain are indicated to affect schizophrenia?

A

The hippocampus and the amygdala.

63
Q

What is the family theory of schizophrenia?

A

That schizophrenogenic mothers, contradictory or mixed messages, communication deviance, expressed negative emotions, or stress from the family contribute to schizophrenic behaviour.

64
Q

What are schizophrenogenic mothers?

A

Cold, aloof, but also overprotective and domineering mothers.

65
Q

What is the biological approach to treatment?

A

The use of antipsychotics.

66
Q

What is an example of an antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Phenothiazines such as Haloperidol.

67
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A

A movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, mouth, neck, trunk, or extremities.

68
Q

What is the psychoanalytic approach to treatment? How effective is it?

A

Personal therapy is used, it is not well suited to treatment.

69
Q

What percentage of schizophrenics will go off their drugs? What percentage will relapse?

A

90% go off drugs; 40% relapse.

70
Q

What is the learning-based approach to treatment?

A

Selective reinforcement, token economies, and social skills training.

71
Q

What is psychosocial rehabilitation?

A

Self-help groups and community programs run by nonprofessionals.

72
Q

What are family intervention programs?

A

Programs that educate family members on the practical aspects of daily living with someone schizophrenic.

73
Q

What do early intervention programs yield? (7)

A

Reduced disruption of activities, disruption of relationships, likelihood of hospitalization, disability and relapses, risk of suicide, improved capacity to maintain self-identity, and faster and more complete recoveries.

74
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

Not knowing that you are sick; believing yourself to be normal and everyone else to be abnormal.

Psych 239 (16 decks)

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