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Lifespan Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are psychological problems experienced by children and young people especially poignant?

A

Children have relatively little ability to cope.

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2
Q

The consideration of normal and abnormal must account for ___ issues, as well as factors such as ethnicity, age, and gender.

A

Developmental.

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3
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Characterized by pervasive deficits in the ability to relate to and communicate with others, and by a restricted range of activities and interests.

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4
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder is temporary/lifelong.

A

Lifelong.

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5
Q

Which socioeconomic class does Autism Spectrum Disorder affect?

A

Affects all socioeconomic levels.

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6
Q

When does Autism Spectrum Disorder become evident?

A

Between 18 and 24 months.

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7
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder is _ times more common in boys/girls.

A

4, boys.

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8
Q

How are vaccines related to Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

They are not.

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9
Q

Is it often the case that the mother is to blame for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

No.

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10
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder needs to be diagnosed before the age of _.

A

3.

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11
Q

What are some symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A
  • Do not pick up on non-verbal cues.
  • Pointing to pictures.
  • Varying degrees of speech.
  • Cognitive deficits.
  • Over-sensitivity to certain stimuli.
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12
Q

What kind of speech is typical in a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A
  • Being mute.
  • Peculiar usage (echolalia, pronoun reversals, use of words with intimate meaning known only to child).
  • Raising voice at the end of a sentence.
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13
Q

What are some physical actions associated with people with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Twirling, flapping of hands, rocking back and forth with arms around knees, mutilating self, banging head, slapping own face, biting hands and shoulders, pulling hair.

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14
Q

Preservation of ___ is a feature of Autism Spectrum Disorer.

A

Sameness.

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15
Q

What is the Preservation of Sameness?

A

Aversion to environmental changes.

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16
Q

The psychodynamic explanation for Autism Spectrum Disorder blames ___.

A

Mothers.

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17
Q

Kanner and Eisenberg said that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder were reared by ___, ___ parents who were dubbed “___ ___.”

A

Cold, detached. Emotional refrigerators.

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18
Q

Bettelheim stated that extreme ___ ___ is the child’s defence agaisnt parental rejection.

A

Self-absorption.

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19
Q

Lovaas and the cognitive perspective on Autism Spectrum Disorder believe that chilrden have a perceptual deficit that limits them to…

A

Processing only one stimulus at a time.

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20
Q

How does the biological perspective explain Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A
  • There is a period of overgrowth in brain size in early postnatal development, followed by significant slowed growth resulting in a brain volume smaller than average for children aged 5 to 16.
  • Smaller corpus callosum which impacts lateralization.
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21
Q

What are the roles of the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

Left hemisphere is verbal and analytic functions, right hemisphere is nonverbal and spatial functions.

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22
Q

The treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder focuses on 3 deficits: what are they?

A
  1. Behavioural.
  2. Educational.
  3. Communcation.
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23
Q

___ intervention is important in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

A

Early.

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24
Q

What is a medication used to treat Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Haldol.

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25
Q

When would Haldol be useful?

A

In cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder in reducing social withdrawal and repetitive motor behaviour, aggression, hyperactivity, and self-injurous behaviour.

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26
Q

What is an Intellectual Disability?

A

Involves a broad delay in the development of cognitive and social functioning.

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27
Q

How is Intellectual Disability assessed?

A

By a combination of formal intelligence tests and observation of adaptive functioning.

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28
Q

What are the 3 criteria for being diagnosed with an Intellectual Disability?

A
  1. An IQ score of 70 or below on an intelligence test.
  2. Evidence of impaired functioning in adaptive behaviour.
  3. Onset of the disorder before age 18.
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29
Q

What is the prevalence rate of Intellectual Disability?

A

7.18 in 1000.

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30
Q

List the 4 classifications of developmental delay from most to least prevalent in the population.

A

Mild, moderate, severe, profound.

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31
Q

IQ scores drop by increments of __ when increasing in classifications of developmental delay, starting at 55 and ending at below 25.

A

15.

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32
Q

Describe the abilities of a person with a mild intellectual disability.

A

Can reach Grade 6 skill level, capable with training of living independently and being self-supporting.

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33
Q

Describe the abilities of a person with moderate intellectual disability.

A

Can reach Grade 2 skill level. Can work and live in sheltered environments with supervision.

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34
Q

Describe the abilities of a person with severe intellectual disability.

A

Can learn to talk and perform basic self-care but needs constant supervision.

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35
Q

Describe the abilities of a person with profound intellectual disability.

A

Very limited ability to learn; may only be abe to learn very simple tasks; poor language skills and limited self-care.

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36
Q

List the Intellectual Disabilities studied in class (there are 4).

A

Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Phenylketonuria (PKU), and Tay-Sachs Disease.

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37
Q

What is Down Syndrome?

A

A condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality involving an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

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38
Q

What are physical features of Down Syndrome?

A

Round face, broad flat nose, small downwards sloping folds of skin at the inside cornersof the eyes (slanted eyes), protruding tongue, small hands with short fingers, curved fifth finger, disproportionately small arms and legs in relation to their bodies.

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39
Q

Nearly all children with Down Syndrome have ___ ___ and may suffer from physical problems such as…

A

Intellectual Disability, heart and respiratory difficulties.

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40
Q

Most people with Down Syndrome die…

A

When they are middle aged.

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41
Q

Children with Down Syndrome have…

A

Learning and developmental difficulties, are uncoordinated due to lack of muscle tone, have difficulty following instructions and expresisng their thoughts and needs clearly.

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42
Q

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

A

Believed to be caused by a mutated gene on the X chromosome. The defective gene is located in an area of the chromosome that appears fragile hence the name.

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43
Q

What is the prevalence rate of Fragile X Syndrome oin men and women?

A

1 in every 1000-1500 for males and 1 in every 2000-2500 females.

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44
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

A genetic disorder that prevents the metabolism of phenylpruvic acid, leading to intellectual disability.

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45
Q

What is the prevelance rate of PKU?

A

1 in every 10 000 births.

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46
Q

People with PKU are placed on a low ___ diet.

A

PKU.

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47
Q

What is Tay Sachs Disease?

A

A disease of lipid metabolism that is genetically transmitted and usually results in death in early childhood.

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48
Q

Tay Sachs Disease is a dominant/recessive gene on chromosome __ that effects mostly ___ and ___ ___.

A

Recessive, 15, Jews, French Canadians.

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49
Q

Children with Tay Sachs Disease experience…

A

Gradual loss of muscle control, deafness and blindness, retardation, paralysis, and usually die before age 5.

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50
Q

What are some prenatal factors that result in intellectual disability?

A

Cytomegalovirus, maternal drinking, and birth complications.

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51
Q

What is cytomegalovirus?

A

A maternal disease of the herpes virus group that carries a risk of intellectual disability to the unborn child.

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52
Q

What is maternal smoking or drinking associated with?

A

Smoking with low birth weight and ADHD. Drinking with FASD.

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53
Q

What is a cultural-familial cause of intellectual disability?

A

Cultural-Familial Retardation.

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54
Q

What is Cultural-Familial Retardation?

A

A milder form of intellectual disability that is believed to result, or at least be influenced by, impoverishment in the child’s home environment.

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55
Q

How does inclusion or integration attempt to deal with intellectual disability?

A
  • Least restrictive environment.

- Accomodations (don’t change, just adapt) and modifications (change difficulty).

56
Q

What are some advantages of inclusion?

A
  • Greater independence.
  • Expand awarenss of individual differences.
  • Acceptance from others.
  • Appreciate that all can learn from each other.
  • Better self-concept and circle of friends.
57
Q

What are some disadvantages of inclusion?

A
  • Sometimes attitudes are negative.
  • Risk.
  • Possible low self-esteem in competitive model.
  • Possible increased workload for teachers.
58
Q

How do behavioural approaches attempt to deal with intellectual disability?

A
  • Teach persons with more severe retardation basic hygenic behaviours such as tooth brushing, self-dressing, or hair combing.
  • Shape the desired behaviour using verbal instruction, physical guidance, and rewards.
  • Social skills training.
  • Anger management.
59
Q

What is a learning disorder?

A

A deficiency in a specific learning ability noteworthy because of the individual’s general intelligence and exposure to learning opportunities.

60
Q

People with learning disorders have ___ intellegence.

A

Average or above average.

61
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

A type of learning disorder characterized by impaired reading ability that may involve difficulty with the alphabet or spelling.

62
Q

The most common learning disability is ___ at 80%.

A

Dyslexia.

63
Q

What are the 4 types of learning disorder studied in class?

A
  1. Dyslexia.
  2. Mathematics Disorder.
  3. Disorders of Written Expression.
  4. Reading Disorder.
64
Q

What is Mathematics Disorder?

A

Deficiencies in arithmetic skills, problem understanding basic mathematical terms or operations, decoding mathematical symbols, learning sequential facts.

65
Q

Mathematics Disorder may become apparent as early as Grade 1 (age 6) but is not generally recognized until about…

A

Grade 3 (age 8).

66
Q

What is Disorders of Written Expression?

A

Dysgraphia. Characterized by errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation or by difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs.

67
Q

Severe writing difficulties generally become apparent by age _, although milder cases may not be recognized until age __.

A

7, 10.

68
Q

What is Reading Disorder?

A

Dyslexia. Characterized by children who have poorly developed skills in recognizing letters and words and comprehending written text.

69
Q

Reading disorder is usually apparent by age _, but is sometimes recognized in _ year olds.

A

7, 6.

70
Q

What is the difference between the prevalence rates for learning disorders in males and females?

A

The rates are similar.

71
Q

The neurobiological perspective on learning disorders considers it a…

A

Sensory processing dysfunction.

72
Q

The genetic perspective on learning disorders point to…

A
  • People whose parents have dyslexia are at a greater risk themselves.
  • Higher rates of concordance for dyslexia are found between MZ and DZ twins- 70 vs. 40%.
73
Q

Intervention for ___ ___ involves focus on a child’s information processing style and academic strengths while bolstering the child’s self-esteem and increasing motivation, developing close teacher-parent partnerships, and increasing effective self -advocacy skills.

A

Learning disorders.

74
Q

What is an Individual Education Plan?

A

A contractual document that contains learning and behavioural outcomes for a student, a description of how the outcomes will be achieved, and a description of how the outcomes will be evaluated.

75
Q

What is ADHD?

A

Behaviour disorder of childhood characterized by excessive motor activity and inabilit to focus one’s attention.

76
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD?

A
  1. Predominantly inattentive.
  2. Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive.
  3. Combination.
77
Q

What does ADHD stand for?

A

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

78
Q

What are the prevalence rates for ADHD?

A

Between 5 and 10% in children aged 6 to 14.

79
Q

Which gender and what age group was more likely to be identifed as having ADHD?

A

Male, 6-8 year olds had higher rates than 12-14 year olds.

80
Q

What are some features of ADHD?

A
  • Tend to do poorly in school.
  • Fail to follow or remember instructions and complete assignments.
  • More likely to have a learning disability, repeatgrades, be placed in special education classes.
  • Greater risk of mood and anxiety disorders.
  • Problems getting along with family members.
  • Disruptive in classroom, tend to get in fights.
  • Unpopular with peers.
81
Q

What does the biological perspective say about ADHD?

A

Areas of the brain involved in regulating the processes of attention, inhibition of motor (movement) behaviour, and executive control are underdeveloped.

82
Q

What does the environmental perspective say about ADHD?

A

Children who have ADHD were found to be 2.5 times more likely than other children to have had prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

83
Q

What is Ritalin?

A

A stimulant brand of drugs used to treat ADHD. Has a calming effect, increasing attention spans, and reduces impulsivity, overactivity, and disruptive, annoying, or aggressive behaviour.

84
Q

Ritalin helps in __% of cases.

A

75.

85
Q

What are some side effects of Ritalin?

A

Loss of appetite or insomnia, agitation and hallucinations, retard a child’s growth, and in rare cases cause cardiac arrest, stroke, or sudden death.

86
Q

How does CBT propse to treat ADHD?

A

Combines behaviour modification, typically based on reinforcement and cognitive modifications.

87
Q

What are the two types of disruptive behaviour learned in class?

A

Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

88
Q

What is Conduct Disorder?

A

Pattern of abnormal behaviour in childhood characterized by disruptive, antisocial behaviour.

89
Q

What is the prevalence rate for conduct disorder?

A

3.3%.

90
Q

Conduct Disorder is more common among ___ than ___, especially the childhood-onset type.

A

Boys, girls.

91
Q

What is the childhood-onset dype of conduct disorder?

A

Characteristic features appear before the age 10.

92
Q

What are the characteristic features of conduct behaviour for boys?

A

Stealing, fighting, vandalism, or disciplinary actions at school.

93
Q

What are the characteristic features of conduct behaviour for girls?

A

Lying, truancy, running away, substance abuse, prostitution.

94
Q

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

A

Disorder in childhood or adolescence characterized by excessive oppositional or tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others.

95
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a precursor and milder form of ___ ___.

A

Conduct Disorder.

96
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder is more closely related to ___ behaviour compared to Conduct Disoder.

A

Nondelinquent.

97
Q

What are some features of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

A

Negativistic, defiant of authority, tendency to argue with parents and teachers, refuse to follow requests from adults, may deliberately annoy people, become easily angered or lose their temper, become touchy or easily annoyed, blame others for their mistakes, feel resentful toward others, or act in a spiteful way towards others.

98
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder typically begins before the age of _ and develops gradually.

A

8.

99
Q

___ ___ ___ is one of the most common diagnoses in children at 6-12%.

A

Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

100
Q

What does the Learning Theory look to to explain ODD?

A

Arises from parental use of inappropriate reinforcement strategies. May be linked to unassertive and ineffective parenting styles.

101
Q

What do families of Conduct Disorder children look like?

A

Characterized by negative, coercive interactions. Use negative behaviours such as threatening or yelling at child, or using physical means of coercion. Pushing, grabbing, spanking, hittinh, or kicking.

102
Q

How does CBT propose that disruptive behaviours should be treated?

A
  • Programs or treatment settings with explicit rules and clear rewards for obeying them may offer greater promise. Use rewards and punishments.
  • Anger management.
  • Calming self-talk.
103
Q

What is Separation Anxiety Disorder?

A

Childhood condition characterized by extreme fears of separation from parents or others on whom the child is dependent.

104
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder usually follows…

A

A stressful life event.

105
Q

What are features of Separation Anxiety Disorder?

A

Tend to follow family members around, voice concerns about death and dying, insist on someone staying with them while they are trying to fall asleep, nightmares, stomach aches, nausea and vomiting when separation is anticipated, pleading with parents not to leave, or throwing tantrums when parents are about to depart.

106
Q

What is the prevalence rate of Separation Anxiety Disorder?

A

4% of children and adolescence.

107
Q

How does the psychoanalytic perspective look at Separation Anxiety Disorder?

A

Anxiety symbolizes unconscious conflicts.

108
Q

How does the cognitive perspective look at Separation Anxiety Disorder?

A

Cognitive bias in processing information, such as interpreting ambiguous situations as threatening, expecting negative outcomes, thinkin poorly of themselves and their ability to cope, and engaging in negative self-talk.

109
Q

What are symptoms of depression in childhood and adolescence?

A

They show a greater sense of hopelessness, display more cognitive errors and negatve attributions, have lower perceived competence or self-efficacy, and have lower self-esteem than do their nondepressed peers.

110
Q

What is the prevalence rate for depression in childhood and adolescence?

A

2% of Canadian children.

111
Q

What is the gender difference for the prevalence rates for depression in childhood and adolescence?

A

There is no gender difference in childhood, but after 15 adolescent girls become twice as likely as boys to become depressed.

112
Q

What is the recurrance rate for depression later in life when they experience depression between the ages of 8-13?

A

75%.

113
Q

What are some correlates of depression in childhood?

A
  • Internal, stable, and global attributional style.
  • Adolescent girls (because they face social challenges such as pressure to narrow their interests and pursue feminine activities and develop a more passive style).
114
Q

How does CBT deal with childhood depression?

A

Social skills training.

115
Q

What is an antidepressant for childhood depression?

A

Prozac.

116
Q

List the factors associated with suicide among children and adolescents.

A
  • Gender.
  • Age.
  • Ethnicity.
  • Depression and helplessness.
  • Previous suicidal behaviour.
  • Family problems.
  • Stressful life events.
  • Substance abuse.
  • Social contagion.
117
Q

How is gender associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Girls are more likely to attempt, boys are more likely to complete.

118
Q

How is age associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Greatest risk between ages 15-24.

119
Q

How is ethnicity associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Highest among First Nations youth.

120
Q

How is depression and helplessness associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

When combined with low self-esteem.

121
Q

How is previous suicidal behaviour associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

1 in 4 tend to repeat behaviour.

122
Q

How are family problems associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Present in 75% of cases.

123
Q

How are stressful life events associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Breakup, unwanted pregnancy, getting arrested, moving, etc.

124
Q

How is substance abuse associated with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Addiction.

125
Q

How is social contagion with suicide among children and adolescents?

A

Widespread publicity.

126
Q

What is dementia?

A

A form of cognitive impairment involving generalized progressive deficits in a person’s memory and learning of new information, ability to communicate, judgement, and motor coordination.

127
Q

What are the two major losses with dementia?

A
  1. Memory loss.

2. Disturbance of executive function.

128
Q

What is the average duration of life after the individual contacts a doctor for memory problems?

A

3.3 years.

129
Q

What are some abnormalities characteristic of dementia?

A

Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, reduction in neurotransmitters, and inflammation of the brain.

130
Q

What are some causes of dementia?

A

Huntington’s and Parkinson disease, head injury, oxygen deprivation, stroke, meningitis.

131
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Fatal neurogenerative disorder that accounts for the majority of dementia cases.

132
Q

For whar percent of dementia cases does Alzheimer’s disease account?

A

56%.

133
Q

People who have a ___ with Alzheimer’s disease appear to be at the greatest risk for getting the disease.

A

Mother.

134
Q

The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s is not given until after…

A

All other potential causes of dementia have been ruled out.

135
Q

How is dementia and Alzheimer’s disease treater?

A

Currently there is no cure. However, some medications slow down the decline of memory, language, and thinking abilities which inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine.

Psych 239 (16 decks)

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