Chapter 1: Defining Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
Abnormal Psychology
The branch of the science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns.
One of the questions that we need to ask in abnormal psychology is “Is the behaviour unusual?”. However, ___ can dictate what is usual/unusual.
Culture.
In abnormal psychology, we must ask if the behaviour ___ social norms.
Violates.
In abnormal psychology, we must ask if the behaviour involves a ___ sense of reality.
Faulty.
In abnormal psychology, we must ask if the behaviour causes ___ ___.
Personal distress.
In abnormal psychology, we must ask if the behaviour is maladaptive. What does maladaptive mean?
Cause interruption to your daily life.
In abnormal psychology, we must ask if the behaviour is dangerous. In what two ways can behaviour be dangerous?
Dangerous to self (suicidal) or others (homocidal).
What are the 4 descriptors of abnormality?
Deviant, different, disordered, and bizarre.
In terms of abnormal psychology, what is deviant?
Different from socially accepted. Violating social norms.
In terms of abnormal psychology, what is different?
Statistically different from what others do.
In terms of abnormal psychology, what is disordered?
Lacks integration, no unity in self.
In terms of abnormal psychology, what is bizarre?
Cannot focus, cannot survive in life.
What are the three main factors that affect our perceptions of what is abnormal?
- Culture (Aboriginal, Oriental).
- Context (Sporting event).
- Age.
Name the descriptors of abnormality in the order of least to most severe.
Deviant, different, disordered, then bizarre.
Why should we study abnormal psychology?
Everyone is affected by abnormal psychology in one way or another.
Psychological disorders
Abnormal behaviour patterns that involve a disturbance of psychological functioning or behaviour.
Comorbidity
Two or more disorders occurring at once.
What is the most common psychological disorder?
Anxiety.
What is the chance of being afflicted by any psychological disorder?
46%.
What are reasons that people do not get treatment?
Stigma and finances.
What are some risk factors for developing a psychological disorder?
Age, education, childhood trauma, current stress, life events, lack of social supports, gender, and physical health.
What method did the demonological model use to allow evil forces to leave the body?
Trephening.
What is trephening?
Cracking a head opening to let out evil forces.
Where did the Medical Model originate?
Hippocrates and the ‘ill humours’.
What did the medical model propose about abnormal behaviour?
That it was the result of underlying biological processes.
What was a technique used in the medieval times to expel demons in response to abnormal behaviour?
Exorcism.
What took place during an exorcism?
Beating, flogging, sprinkling of holy water, holding of cross.
What is the name of the book used to identify ‘witches’?
Malleus Maleficarum.
Where is there a famous asylum? (hint: UK)
Bedlam, London.
The Reform Movement was a movement towards ___ ___.
Moral therapy.
Who were the major proponents of the Reform Movement?
Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, and Dorothea Dix.
Who brought about the Reform Movement to Canada and the United States?
Dorothea Dix.
When treatment took a step backwards in Canada, mental institutions moved to ___ ___.
Custodial care.
The Community Mental Health Movement in Canada resulted in…
Deinstitutionalization, pharmacology and phenothiazines, and the Canadian Mental Health Association in 1963.
What are the three models for abnormal psychology used today?
Medical, psychological, and sociocultural.
Emil Kraepelm and dementia praecox are part of the ___ model.
Medical.
Charcot and hypnosis/hysteria and Freud and the psychodynamic model/catharsis are part of the ___ model.
Psychological.
Thomas Szasz and the Myth of Mental Illness/Failure of Society are part of the ___ model.
Sociocultural.
The biological perspective on abnormal behaviour maintains that one can adopt a biologically oriented perspective without using the terminology from the ___ model.
Medical.
What is acetylcholine used to treat?
Dementia.
What is dopamine used to treat?
Schizophrenia.
What is serotonin used to treat?
Anxiety and mood.
What are the three components of Freud’s psychodynamic model?
Id, Ego, and Superego.
The Id encompasses the ___ principle and ___ process thinking.
Pleasure, primary.
The Ego encompasses the ___ principle and ___ process thinking.
Reality, secondary.
The Superego encompasses ___ principle.
Moral.
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
What is the Oedipus or Electra complex?
Kill your father/mother and marry your mother/father.
You start exploring your body during the ___ stage.
Latency.
What are the 8 defence mechanisms?
Repression, regression, displacement, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, projection, and sublimation.
Based on Pavlov’s conditioning apparatus, ___ is human nature and ___ is how we train ourselves.
Unconditioned, conditioned.
Operant conditioning is based on a system of ___ and ___.
Reinforcement and reward.
Operant conditioning can be conducted in 4 ways: what are they?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
Who conducted research into the social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura.
Albert Bandura’s ___ experiment came to the conclusion that we learn through…
Bobo doll, watching others.
Carl Rogers is known for his work in the ___ model.
Humanistic/existential.
The humanistic/existential model uses the idea of ___ ___.
Self-actualization.
According to Rodgers, what are the three conditions required for change?
- Unconditional positive regard.
- Empathy.
- Genuine/congruence.
Abraham Maslow came up with…
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
What is the general idea of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
One must satisfy basic needs before moving onto other needs.
Albert Ellis pioneered the ___ approach.
ABC.
Albert Ellis and the ABC approach are part of the ___ ___ ___.
Information Processing Approaches.
What are Beck’s four cognitive errors?
- Selective abstraction.
- Overgeneralization.
- Magnification.
- Absolutist thinking
Donald Meichenbaum came up with…
Cognitive behavioural modification, which is a way to change behaviours, thoughts, and emotions.
What is selective abstraction?
Focusing exclusively on experiences that reflect their flaws, and ignoring evidence of their competencies.
Give an example of a “should” statement.
I should be doing better.
What is overgeneralization?
Over generalizing a few isolated experiences. E.g., thinking they will never marry because they were rejected by a partner.
What is magnification?
People blowing importance of unfortunate events out of proportion.
What is absolutist thinking?
Seeing the world in black and white terms rather than in shades of grey.
