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Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

When particular styles of behaviour become so rigid or maladaptive that they become self-defeating and cause significant personal distress or impair functioning.

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2
Q

What is Ego Syntonic behaviour?

A

Behaviour or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self.

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3
Q

What is Ego Dystonic behaviour?

A

Behaviour or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self-identity.

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4
Q

Ego ____ is characteristic of personality disorders. Ego ___ is characteristic of mood disorders.

A

Syntonic, dystonic.

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5
Q

What are the three general categories of personality disorders?

A
  1. Odd or eccentric behaviour.
  2. Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour.
  3. Anxious or fearful behaviour.
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6
Q

What are the three types of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviour?

A
  1. Paranoid personality disorder.
  2. Schizoid personality disorder.
  3. Schizotypal personality disorder.
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7
Q

What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

Type of personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions.

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8
Q

What is the prevalence of Paranoid Personality Disorder, and is it more common in men or women?

A

0.5-2%, more common in men.

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9
Q

What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

Type of personality disorder characterized by persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal.

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10
Q

What is a key feature in Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

Social isolation.

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11
Q

In Schizoid Personality Disorder, how do men and women react differently?

A

Men rarely date or marry, women are more likely to accept romantic advances passively and marry, but seldom initiate relationships or develop strong attachments to their partners.

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12
Q

How do people with schizoid personality disorder differ from normal people when it comes to displaying one’s feelings? Especially among strangers?

A

Schizoids rarely express emotions and are distant and aloof.

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13
Q

How do people with schizoid PD and schizophrenia differ?

A

The emotions of people with schizoid personality disorder are not as shallow or blunted as they are in people with schizophrenia.

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14
Q

What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

Personality disorder characterized by eccentricities or oddities of thought and behaviour but without clearly psychotic features.

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15
Q

Do people with Schizotypal Personality Disorder want relationships?

A

Yes, but the relationships they want are odd.

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16
Q

How does Schizotypal Personality Disorder differ from schizophrenia?

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder applies to people who have difficulties forming close relationships and whose behaviour, mannerisms, and thought patterns are peculiar or odd but not disturbed enough to merit a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

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17
Q

Which personality disorder has the closest link to schizophrenia?

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder.

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18
Q

What are the four types of personality characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour?

A
  1. Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy/sociopathy).
  2. Borderline personality disorder.
  3. Histrionic personality disorder.
  4. Narcissistic personality disorder.
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19
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behaviour and lack of remorse.

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20
Q

What is the difference between psychopaths and sociopaths?

A

Psychopaths are born that way, while sociopaths are a result of their environment. Nature vs. nurture.

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21
Q

What behaviour characterizes antisocial behaviour?

A

Expressing no empathy, difficulty connecting and identifying with others, violating the rights of others, and breaking the law.

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22
Q

What is the prevalence rate for Antisocial Personality Disorder in Canada?

A

1.7-3.7%.

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23
Q

What types of traits are Antisocial Personality Disorder characterized by?

A

Affective and interpersonal traits.

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24
Q

What are some characteristics of people with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation-seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness.

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25
Q

What is Factor 1 for Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Remains stable across your lifetime.

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26
Q

What is Factor 2 for Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

They mature out of it around the age 40.

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27
Q

You must be over the age of __ in Canada to be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder.

A

18.

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28
Q

People between the ages of 8-18 are diagnosed with what disorder instead of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Conduct Disorder.

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29
Q

Does being diagnosed with Conduct Disorder mean that you will automatically be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

No.

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30
Q

People under 8 years of age are diagnosed with what disorder instead of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Oppositional Defiance Disorder.

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31
Q

What is Oppositional Defiance Disorder?

A

A diagnosis for children under the age of 8, who often display the key feature of harming animals and who also tend to be bedwetters.

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32
Q

Not all criminals show signs of psychopathy, and only a minority of people with psychopathic personalities become ___.

A

Criminals.

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33
Q

What is an occupation that many psychopaths do?

A

CEO’s of major companies.

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34
Q

Incarcerated psychopaths are more/less likely to reoffend in a violent or extreme way after they are released.

A

More.

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35
Q

Is there a racial or ethnic link to psychopathy?

A

No.

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36
Q

What are the four psychophysiological and biological factors that are related to Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Lack of emotional responsiveness.
  2. The craving-for-stimulation model.
  3. Lack of restraint or impulsivity.
  4. Limbic abnormalities.
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37
Q

How does lack of emotional responsiveness relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Psychopaths are not as reactive to forms of punishment (shock tests).

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38
Q

How does the craving-for-stimulation model relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Can manifest in extreme risk-taking behaviour, maybe in part to compensate for missing emotions.

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39
Q

How does the lack of restraint or impulsivity relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Believed to be because of a defect in the prefrontal cortex.

40
Q

How do limbic abnormalities relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

There are observed differences in the amygdala and emotions processing centres.

41
Q

What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

Primarily characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.

42
Q

People with Borderline Personality Disorder tend to be uncertain about their…

A

Values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and perhaps even sexual orientations.

43
Q

The fear of ___ is a key feature in Borderline Personality Disorder.

A

Abandonment.

44
Q

People with Borderline Personality Disorder cannot tolerate being ___, and will make desperate efforts to avoid feelings of abandonment.

A

Alone.

45
Q

1/10 sufferers of Borderline Personality Disorder will…

A

Kill themselves.

46
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder got its name from the fact that people that are diagnosed with it are on the border between being ___ and ___.

A

Neurotic, psychotic.

47
Q

What is the main treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

DBT (Dialectic Behaviour Therapy).

48
Q

What is Dialectic Behaviour Therapy used to treat?

A

Borderline Personality Disorder.

49
Q

What does Dialectic Behaviour Therapy include?

A

Mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional tolerance, and acceptance based work.

50
Q

What is the prevalence rate for Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

2%.

51
Q

Is Borderline Personality Disorder more common in women or men?

A

More common in women (about 75%).

52
Q

World War II dictator Adolf Hitler lived and died by the Nazi principle of “death before dishonour,” which is arguably a form of the ___ ___ ___ thinking characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder.

A

All-or-nothing.

53
Q

What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the centre of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from others.

54
Q

People with Histrionic Personality Disorder often appear overly ___ and ___ in their behaviour.

A

Dramatic, emotional.

55
Q

What are some characteristics of people with Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Flirtatious, seductive, manipulative, lack self esteem and are trying to compensate, overreact, like to be novel (no routine), have difficulty in relationships, they desire change, may want to be models or actresses, strong sense of entitlement.

56
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder is more commonly diagnosed in ___.

A

Women.

57
Q

What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

A type of personality disorder characterized by the adoptions of an inflated self-image and demands for constant attention and admiration, among other features.

58
Q

People with Narcissistic Personality Disorder brag about their accomplishments and expect others to…

A

Shower them with praise even if their accomplishments are ordinary.

59
Q

People with Narcissistic Personality Disorder tend to be ___.

A

Workaholics.

60
Q

Less than _% of the population is diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

A

1.

61
Q

What are some characteristics of people with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

Lack of empathy for others, one-sided relationships,fantasies about success and power.

62
Q

What are the three personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviour?

A
  1. Avoidant personality disorder.
  2. Dependent personality disorder.
  3. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
63
Q

What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

A type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection.

64
Q

People with Avoidant Personality Disorder are unwilling to enter relationships without…

A

Ardent reassurance or acceptance.

65
Q

As a result of their needing ardent reassurance or acceptance from their relationships, people with Avoidant Personality Disorder often…

A

Do not have close relationships with people outside of their family.

66
Q

People with Avoidant Personality Disorder tend to avoid…

A

Group occupational or recreational activities.

67
Q

What is the prevalence rate of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

0.5-1%.

68
Q

In Avoidant Personality Disorder, there is a fear of ___ embarrassment, and it is also tied to ___ anxiety.

A

Public, social.

69
Q

What is Dependent Personality Disorder?

A

A type of personality disorder characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behaviour.

70
Q

In Dependent Personality Disorder, there is an excessive need to be taken care of by ___.

A

Others.

71
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder is more common in which gender, and in what forms?

A

Women. Can fear abandonment, tolerate husbands who openly cheat on them, abuse them, or gamble away family resources.

72
Q

What are some things that are linked to Dependent Personality Disorder?

A

Depression, bipolar, social phobias, hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, cancer.

73
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

A

A type of personality disorder characterized by rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionist tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details.

74
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder is diagnosed in _% of the population.

A

1.

75
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder is twice as common in ___ as in ___.

A

Men, women.

76
Q

People with ___ ___ personality disorder would say “A place for everything, and everything in its place.”

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.

77
Q

People with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder have excessive need for ___ in their environment.

A

Orderliness.

78
Q

What are some problems with classification of personality disorders?

A
  • Undermining reliability and validity.
  • Problems distinguishing Axis I from Axis II disorders.
  • Overlap among disorders.
  • Difficulty in distinguishing between variations of normal and abnormal behaviour.
  • Sexist biases.
79
Q

Who are three people that contributed to the psychodynamic perspectives on personality disorders?

A
  1. Hans Kohut.
  2. Otto Kernberg.
  3. Margaret Mahler.
80
Q

What did Hans Kohut say about personality disorders in the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Self-psychology.

81
Q

What is self-psychology?

A

Descries processes that normally lead to the achievement of a cohesive sense of self or in narcissistic personality a grandiose sense of self.

82
Q

What did Otto Kernberg say about personality disorders in the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Splitting.

83
Q

What is splitting?

A

A term used to describe the inability of sane persons (especially those with borderline personalities) to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of themselves and others into a cohesive integration, resulting in sudden and radical shifts between strongly positive and strongly negative feelings.

84
Q

What did Margaret Mahler say about personality disorders in the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Symbiotic and separation-individuation.

85
Q

What is symbiotic (concerning personality disorders)?

A

Used to describe the state of openness that normally exists between a mother and infant which the infants identity is fused with the mothers.

86
Q

What does the learning perspective say about personality disorders?

A

Tend to focus on the acquisitions of behaviour than on the notion of enduring personality traits. Use maladaptive behaviour instead of personality traits.

87
Q

What does the family perspective say about personality disorders?

A

There is a link between histories of physical and sexual abuse or neglect in childhood to the development of personality disorders.

88
Q

What does the cognitive-behavioural perspective say about personality disorders?

A

Problem-solving therapy focuses on helping people develop more effective problem solving skills.

89
Q

What does the biological perspective say about personality disorders?

A

There are genetic factors for antisocial, schizotypal, and borderline disorders. Twin studies show a link between monozygotic twins.

90
Q

What is Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory?

A

???

91
Q

What do sociological views say about personality disorders?

A

Low family income, teenage-parent family, lone parent family, low parental education, and family dysfunction are associated with vulnerability to one or more behaviour problems in young children.

92
Q

How do psychodynamic perspectives say personality disorders should be treated?

A

Become more aware of the root of the self-defeating behaviour pattern and learn more adaptive ways of relating to others.

93
Q

How do the behaviour approaches say personality disorders should be treated?

A

Change behaviour rather than personality. Hope that by changing how they act, they can change who they are.

94
Q

How do biological approaches say personality disorders should be treated?

A

Drug therapy does not work, but symptoms may be masked.

95
Q

What are the 3 factors in Canadian Treatment Services?

A
  1. Psychotherapy should focus on reducing the extremeness of traits and bring them into client awareness.
  2. Given historical perspective so the patient can see how his or her behaviour is shaped by the past.
  3. Involves change.

Psych 239 (16 decks)

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