stuff to study Flashcards
what are some things that are only innervated by sympathetic [not para]
- vasculature
- adrenals
- liver
- ventricles of heart
- skeletal muscle blood vessels
- sweat glands
- ## pancreas B cells
What is normal PR interval length?
120-200 ms
What is normal QRS?
less than 120 ms
What is normal HR?
60-100 bpm
What is mech of digoxin?
inhibit NA/K atpase
thus increase contractility
Is NO released in response to high or low local flow?
low local flow
Na-K ATPase – what in and what out? depolarizing or repolarizing in total?
- 3 Na out for 2 K in
- repolarizing
NCX - what in and what out? depolarizing or repolarizing in total?
- 3 Na in for 1 Ca out
- depolarizing
Na conc in and out of cell?
in cell = 10 mM
extracellular = 140 mM
K conc in and out of cell?
in cell = 140 mM
extracellular = 5 mM
Equilibrium potential equation?
Ex = Vi - Vo = RT/zF * ln [Co / Ci]
RT/F = 25 mV
Is there troponin in smooth muscle?
NO! only skeletal/cardiac
Is calmodulin important in cardiac muscle?
No! only smooth
Does smooth muscle contraction require action potential?
No - but skeletal/cardiac do
What activates MLCK? what inhibits?
- Ca/calmodulin binding activates MLCK
- cAMP inhibits MLCK
What type of G protein is a1 receptor? what secondary messenger path?
- Gq
- activates phospholipase C that activates PIP2 to DAG and IP3
- DAG activates Protein kinase C [PKC]
- IP3 causes release of stored Ca
What type of G protein is B receptor? what secondary messenger path?
- Gs
- increases cAMP
What is affect of a1 in eyes?
causes pupil dilation [mydriasis]
What type of G receptor is M1? secondary messenger path?
- Gq
- increases IP3/DAG
What type of G receptor is M2? where is it? what secondary messenger path?
- Gi/o
- in heart and smooth muscle
- inhibits CAMP –> decreases PKA
- B-gamma subunit also activates K+ channel to hyperpolarize
What secondary messenger action of a2?
decreases cAMP
What type of G receptor is M2? secondary messenger?
- Gq
- via IP3/DAG
What important drug we talk about can cross blood brain barrier?
physostigmine
What happens with exogenous ACh in vasculature?
- goes to M receptors in vasculature that normally not innervated
- causes NO release and vasodilation
What is the reflex response in hexomenthonium?
none because it blocks ganglia
What is dominant tone of eyes? what does this mean for pupil? with a ganglion blocker
- parasympathetic, aka pupil constriction
- with ganglion blocker get mydriasis
What is equilibrium potential for K
- 90 mV
what is equilibrium potential for Ca
+130 mV
What is equilibrium potential for Na
+ 70 mV
At what voltage does Na channel open
- 60 mV
At what voltage does Ca channel open
- 40 mV
In which contractions does Ca need to enter to get CICR by RyR? in which does it not need to enter?
- does not need to enter in skeletal
- needs to enter in cardiac
When does kIr open?
-90 mV
What makes up funny current? depolarizing or repolarizing?
mostly Na, some K
depolarizing
What is B stimulation of L type Ca?
- get increased PKA and increased L type Ca phosphorylation
- causes channels to open fully at lower voltage
What is function of epidydmis? what type of epithelium?
- location of sperm maturation and storage
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
What is the site of spermatogenesis?
testes
What produces majority of seminal fluid?
seminal vesicle
What type of epithelium in vas deferens?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what type of epithelium in urethra?
transitional epithelium
what does caffeine do to intestinal secretion, via what secondary messenger?
- increased secretions
- via cAMP
What are 4 counterregulatory hormones to insulin
- glucagon
- cortisol
- GH
- epinephrine
