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Physiology Part 1 > Lec 4 Intro to ANS > Flashcards

Lec 4 Intro to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is function of ANS?

A

mainly involuntary, regulates activities of visceral organs through effects on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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2
Q

What is function of somatic nervous system?

A

innervates skeletal muscle, under conscious [voluntary] control

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3
Q

Which part of CNS is one neuron vs two neuron?

A 
somatic = one neuron
autonomic = two neurons
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4
Q

What are 3 branches of ANS

A
  • enteric
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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5
Q

What is enteric division of ANS?

A
  • complex network of neurons in wall of gut
  • independent of CNS
  • extensive intrinsic activity, including peristalsis
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6
Q

What is function of sympatheticc/parasympathetic [compared to enteric]?

A
  • regulates activity of visceral organs and glands [exocrine and endocrine]
  • depends on CNS
  • viscera and glands innervated by both brands
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7
Q

Where are preganglionic cell bodies located in sympathetic?

A

thoracic and lumbar levels of spinal cord

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8
Q

Where are preganglionic cell bodies in parasympathetic?

A

medulla, sacral level of spinal cord

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9
Q

Which nerves carry preganglionic axons in sympathetic?

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

“thoracolumbar”

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10
Q

Which nerves carry preganglionic axons in parasympathetic?

A

cranial and sacral spinal nerves

“craniosacral”

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11
Q

Where are the ganglia located in sympathetic?

A

Near spinal cord – paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia [except also in adrenal gland]

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12
Q

Where are the ganglia located in sympathetic?

A

near or in wall of innervated organ

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13
Q

Where do sympathetic cell bodies lie?

A

in intermedio-lateral cell column of spine

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14
Q

Does one sympathetic preganglionic axon synapse on a single or multiple postganglionic cells

A

multiple

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15
Q

What type of innervation goes to adrenal gland?

A
  • only sympathetic

- secretory cells homologous to sympathetic ganglion

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16
Q

What type of innervation goes to heart? Each chamber?

A
  • atria innervated by both [sympathetic + para]

- ventricles just sympathetic

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17
Q

What type of innervation goes to vasculature?

A
  • sympathetic
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18
Q

What type of innervation goes to liver?

A
  • sympathetic
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19
Q

What type of innervation goes to skeletal muscle?

A
  • sympathetic
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20
Q

What type of innervation goes to sweat glands

A

sympathetic

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21
Q

what kind of innervation goes to pancreas [B cells]?

A

sympathetic

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22
Q

What does sympathetic do to heart rate?

A

Accelerates

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23
Q

What does parasympathetic due to heart rate?

A

Decelerates

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24
Q

What does sympathetic due to heart contractile force?

A

increases

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25
Q

What does parasympathetic due to heart contractile force?

A

decreases [atria]

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26
Q

What does sympathetic due to blood vessels in skin/viscera?

A

contracts

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27
Q

What does sympathetic due to blood vessels in skeletal muscle?

A

dilates

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28
Q

What does sympathetic do to urinary bladder wall?

A

relaxes

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29
Q

What does parasympathetic do to urinary bladder wall?

A

contracts

30
Q

What does sympathetic do to urinary sphincter?

A

contracts

31
Q

What does parasympathetic due to blood vessels in skeletal muscle?

A

Nothing! parasympathetic doesnt affect blood vessels! Silly goose!

32
Q

What does parasympathetic do to urinary sphincter?

A

relaxes

33
Q

What does parasympathetic do to sweat glands?

A

nothing!

34
Q

what does sympathetic do to thermoregulatory sweat glands?

A

increases

35
Q

what does sympathetic do to apocrine [stress] sweat glands?

A

increases

36
Q

what does sympathetic do to liver metabolic activity?

A
  • increases glycogenolysis

- increases gluoneogenesis

37
Q

what does sympathetic do to fat metabolic activity?

A
  • increases lypolysis
38
Q

What does sympathetic due to eye pupil?

A

dilates

39
Q

What does sympathetic do to eye lens?

A

flattens - far vision

40
Q

What does parasympathetic do to eye pupil?

A

constricts

41
Q

what does parasympathetic do to eye lens?

A

rounds - nears vision

42
Q

Two examples where dual innervation with complementary [instead of opposite] effects?

A
  • salivary glands: both branches stimulate saliva secretion but different components
  • male sexual response: erection under parasympathetic, ejaculation under sympathetic
43
Q

What innervations responsible for which parts of male sexual response?

A
  • erection under parasympathetic

- ejaculation under sympathetic

44
Q

A few examples of autonomic sensory information that informs central autonomic activity

A
  • arterial BP
  • blood glucose, Co2, O2
  • distension of bladder
45
Q

How do sensory neurons affect autonomic activity and maintain homeostasis? Where?

A
  • sensory neurons in viscera project to nucleus of solitary tract in medulla
  • visceral info integrated along with information from higher brain region via hypothalamus
  • medulla also contains nucleus whose cells projects to sympathetic + parasympathetic
  • processed sensory info directs output to ANS
  • mains homeostasis
46
Q

What is the baoreceptor reflex?

A
  1. decrease in BP is sensed by baroreceptor in blood vessel
  2. sensory neuron relays info to medulla
  3. sympathetic activity increased and parasympathetic decreased in medullary centers
    - - leads to vasoconstriction, higher CO
  4. get homeostatic increase in BP
47
Q

What is dominant resting tone

A
  • usually is the autonomic branch that makes the organ [or tissue] contract or move
48
Q

what is dominant resting tone of GI tract?

A
  • parasympathetic because parasympathetic increases GI motility
49
Q

Exception to dominant resting tone?

A
  • heart’s dominant tone is parasympathetic which slows heart rate
  • denervated [transplanted] heart has bpm 90-110
50
Q

What are two main neurotransmitters released at ANS synapses?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

51
Q

What is acetylcholine? What do you call receptors that release it?

A
  • hormone – neurons release acetylcholine [ACh]

- receptors that respond to ACh called cholinergic

52
Q

What is norepinephrine? What do you call receptors that release it?

A
  • hormone – neurons release NE

- receptors that respond to NE called adrenergic or noraderenergic

53
Q

Where is Epinephrine released from?

A
  • Released as hormone from adrenal medulla

- acts at ANS receptors

54
Q

Which ANS releases ACh [3 types]? Is each nicotinic or muscarinic? Specific organ examples?

A
  • all preganglionic neurons [both sympathetic and parasympathetic]
  • —- nicotinic [a type of nAChR]
  • all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • —- muscarinic [a type of nAChr]
  • ——– cardiac and smooth muscles, glands, nerve terminals
  • a few sympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • —- muscarinic [a type of GPCR]
  • ——– sweat glands
55
Q

Which ANS releases NE [2 types]?

A
  • most of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

- the rest release dopamine or acetylcholine

56
Q

What are two specific cholinergic receptors?

A

N: nicotinic receptors [a type of nAChR]
M: muscarinic receptors [a type of GPCR]

57
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A
  • preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic

- somatic [skeletal muscle]

58
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A
  • postganglionic parasympathetic: cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals
  • postganglionic sympathetic: sweat glands
59
Q

what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha: a type of GPCR [Gi/o or Gq/11]
beta: a type of GPCR [Gs]

60
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors found in sympathetic system?

A
  • cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals
61
Q

Where are dopaminergic receptors found in sympathetic system?

A
  • renal vascular smooth muscle
62
Q

What is D1?

A
  • a type of dopaminergic receptor

- a type of GPCR [Gs]

63
Q

What two hormones does adrenal medulla secrete? What percentage each?

A
  • 80% epinephrine

- 20% norepinephrine

64
Q

What are 6 mechanisms that drug affects synaptic transmission

A
  • alter transmitter synthesis
  • alter transmitter release
  • block receptors
  • activate receptors
  • potentiate effect of transmitter on receptor
  • interfere with transmitter degradation or uptake
65
Q

What are 2 main ways transmitter removed followign release

A
  • enzymatic degradation

- re-uptake by releasing neuron

66
Q

How does a direct agonist/antagonist work?

A
  • acts at receptor

- mimics or blocks effect of endogenous transmitter

67
Q

How does an indirect agonist work?

A

interferes with degradation or re-uptake of transmitter

68
Q

How does an indirect agonist/antagonist work?

A

interferes with synthesis or release of transmitter

69
Q

What is receptor sensitization?

A
  • during prolonged under-stimulation due to receptor blockade or reduced transmitter level
  • responsiveness increases
  • denervation supersensitivity
70
Q

What is receptor desensitization?

A
  • excessive stimulation causes reduction in responsiveness
71
Q

Over what time frame does receptor sensitization/desensitization occur?

A

seconds to hours

72
Q

By what mech [3 ways] does sensitization/desensitization occur?

A

mediated by:

    • conformational change in receptor
    • increased/decreased receptors in membrane
    • altered efficiency of receptor coupling to secondary messenger pathway

Physiology Part 1 (37 decks)

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