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Physiology Part 1 > Lec 31 Male reproduction > Flashcards

Lec 31 Male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What causes gonads to descend? where do they come from?

A
  • start at inferior pole of kidney

- gubernaculum [tissue] causes them to descend

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2
Q

What is the arterial supply to testis?

A

directly from aorta = testicular arteries

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3
Q

What is the venous drainage from testis? on left vs right?

A
  • venous drainage into pampiniform plexus
  • from there
  • – left: to left renal vein
  • – right: directly to inferior vena cava
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4
Q

What cells in males target LH? effect?

A
  • LH targets leydig cells

- stimulates to produce testosterone

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5
Q

What are neg feedback loops from leydog vs seminferous cells?

A

leydig: produce testosterone that inhibits more testosterone/GnRH release
seminiferous: produce inhibin that inhibits more FSH/GnRH release

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6
Q

What cells in males are target of FSH? effect?

A
  • cells in seminiferous tubules [sertoli cells]

- tell sertoli to increase sperm production/maturation

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7
Q

How is testosterone normally transported in bloodstream?

A
  • most bound to sex hormone binding globulin [SHB]
  • — some also bound to serum albumin and corticosteroid binding globulin [CBG]
  • 1-2% unbound/free and thus biologically active
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8
Q

What are levels of FSH/LH/testosterone in germinal cell aplasia?

A

high FSH – sertoli cells trying to secrete more sperm but not properly producing inhibin so no negative feedback
normal LH
normal testosterone

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9
Q

What are levels of FSH/LH/testosterone in primary testicular failure?

A

high FSH
high LH
normal or low testosterone

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10
Q

What are levels of FSH/LH/testosterone in hypogonadtropic hypogonadism?

A

low FSH
low LH
low testosterone

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11
Q

talman syndrome

A
  • usually pituitary defect
  • don’t produce FSH/LH
  • also can’t smell well
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12
Q

5 stages of male puberty

A

stage 1: age 9-12, no visible signs, male hormones more active

stage 2: age 9-15: darkening aerola around nipple, testicles and scrotum grow, a little bit of pubic hair, height increases

stage 3: age 11-16: penis grows in length, more pubic hair, heigh increases, voice starts to change

stage 4: age 11-17: penis growth in width, testicles and scrotum continue to grow, facial hair increases, skin oilier, voice deepens

stage 5: age 14-18: boys reach full adult height, pubic hair and genitals look like mans, shaving needed

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13
Q

Do type A or type B spermatogonium become spermatocytes?

A

type B

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14
Q

What do you call sperm that just underwent meiosis I

A

primary spermatocytes

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15
Q

What do you call sperm that just underwent meiosis II

A

secondary spermatocytes

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16
Q

what is spermiogenesis? major things that happen?

A

process of changing cell from normal round to specialized elongated cell that can traverse reproductive tracts to fertilize egg

  • golgi becomes acrosomal vesicle
  • micochondria for mitochondrial sheath
  • loses a lot of cytoplasm
  • centrioles (?) become flagellum
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17
Q

What is normal concentration of sperm in ejaculate? percent motile? look normal?

A

20 x 10^6
about 50% should be motile
about 30% should look normal

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18
Q

What is path of sperm

A

testicle –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra

19
Q

What percent of ejaculate comes from prostate? seminal vesicles?

A

prostate: 50% of ejaculate

seminal vesicles: 45% of ejaculate

20
Q

What is in prostate ejaculate? acidic or alkaline?

A
  • slightly acidic

contains proteins PSA, PAP, Zinc = some antimicrobial components

21
Q

What is in seminal vesicle ejaculate? acidic or alkaline?

A
  • alkaline

- fructose = source of energy for sperm

22
Q

What does bulbourethral/cowper’s glands secrete? purpose?

A
  • pre-ejaculate

- lubricates urethra and neutralizes acid [ie urine]

23
Q

Two ways erection can be triggered?

A

reflex

  • by direct stimulation penile shaft
  • picked up by peripheral nervous and spinal cord

psychogenic

  • by emotional stimulation
  • picked up by limbic system/cerebral cortex

both via parasympathetic action

24
Q

Is erection sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

25
Q

What happens at nerve endings in erection? What 2 hormones involved

A
  • ACh released at nerve endings

- increases NO release from vascular endothelium

26
Q

What is role of NO in erection?

A
  • release stimulated by ACh
  • released from vascular endothelium
  • dilates smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa and arteries, relaxation of surrounding pinches off bridging veins
27
Q

What happens to cavernosal arteries in erection? effect?

A
  • they dilate

- causes increased arterial flow

28
Q

What happens to bridging veins in erection? effect?

A
  • they compress
29
Q

What happens to ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus in erection?

A
  • they contract [also squeezes down on bridging veins]
30
Q

What is responsible for ejaculation?

A
  • occurs after significant stimulation

- due to sympathetic nervous system

31
Q

what begins ejaculation?

A
  • rhythmic contraction of bulbocavernosus muscle

- mediated by pudendal nerve S2-S4

32
Q

What are 3 neurogenic causes of sexual dysfunction?

A
  • diabetes
  • prostate cancer treatment
  • psychiatric
33
Q

What are 3 vascular causes of sexual dysfunction?

A
  • diabetes
  • cholesterol
  • trauma
34
Q

What is mech of phosphodiesterase inhibitors? examples?

A
  • increase NO

- viagra, levitra, cialis

35
Q

What is mech of intra-urethral alprostadil

A

directly puts NO into urethra to relax muscle

36
Q

What is mech of intra-cavernosal injection?

A
  • directly relaxes cavernosal smooth muslce, increase diameter of cavernosal arteries
37
Q

What is medical therapy for ejaculatory dysfunction?

A
  • treat with alpha agonist

- ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, imipramine, phenylpropanolamine

38
Q

How do you treat infertility related to obstruction?

A
  • there is a blockage along sperm transport system

- treat with surgical repair

39
Q

Causes of infertility related to production?

A
  • it could be hormonal, sperm production, maturation
40
Q

Treatment for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

A
  • give hCG, hMG, FSH
  • usually do hCG first then if no sperm detected to hMG or FSH

hCG = almost exactly like LH and similar to FSH

41
Q

Treat with gonadotropins?

A
  • pulsatile secretion with pump
42
Q

What is effect of FSH therapy with idiopathic oligospermia and normal FSH conc?

A

No effect – does not improve sperm conc or pregnancy rate

43
Q

What does chlamydia trachomatis do?

A

bind and penetrate human sperm, causes infertility

Physiology Part 1 (37 decks)

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