Stuff I Need to Work On Flashcards
Where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes?
cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
During what phase of meiosis does recombination of homologous pairs occur?
Prophase I
During what phase do homologous pairs align?
Metaphase I
What are some characteristics of Arthropods?
A hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, molting, and a segmented body
What is a characteristic of echinodermata and what is an example of one?
Sea star, water vascular system
What does the kidney do?
Regulates blood pressure, filters blood to remove wastes, and regulates pH
Pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle are ____ in oxygen
Poor
Any organism that eats plants is a ______
Primary consumer
What do decomposers do?
Take organic material and break it down into its individual compounds, returning them back to the earth
Is the endocrine system fast?
No
Where are male haploid cells produced?
Anther
What causes ovulation?
A surge in LH
What do estrogen and progesterone affect?
The uterus
What germ layer is the nervous system on?
Ectoderm
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the body?
Increase in calcium levels
What effect does insulin have on the body?
Decrease in glucose levels
What effect does aldosterone have on the body and when is it released?
Increase in sodium, released when blood pressure is low because excess sodium will cause water retention, which will increase blood volume, which will increase blood pressure.
Do plants undergo cellular respiration?
Yes
What characterizes chordate?
Dorsal nerve chords, notochords, Gill slits, and postnatal tails
What are paramecium?
Single-celled eukaryotes in kingdom Protista
What do ribosomes do?
Synthesize protein
What do mitochondria function in?
Respiration
What do vacuoles do?
Help store waste
What do lysosomes function in?
Digestion
Is a 4-year old child evolutionarily fit?
No
What parts of the cell do bacteria have?
Ribosomes to synthesize protein, but no nuclei or mitochondria
Can parasitism occur between two of the same species?
yes
Is glucose needed for photosynthesis?
no, it is a product
What is resting blood pressure in humans?
lower than 120/80mm Hg
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
sort and package proteins, and ultimately secretes them
Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?
no
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the ____ side of the heart through the _______
superior and inferior vena cavae
The ____ side of the heart sends _____ blood to the lungs through the ______
oxygen-poor, pulmonary artery
The synthesis of amino acids also creates a molecule of ____
water
Do organisms that live in the abyssal zone need well-developed eyes?
No, because there is no light in this deepest part of the ocean
Organisms that live in the intertidal zone might have what characteristics?
ability to conduct photosynthesis, tolerance of periodic drought, tolerance of a wide range of temperatures
What does it mean when a fruit extract hasa relative effectiveness of 1?
It is equally as effective as water
Does codominance produce a blended phenotype?
no
Does incomplete dominance create a blended phenotype?
yes
Radiolabeled amino acids would be incoorporated into what?
proteins
A virus is considered a parasite because it does what?
harms its host and cannot reproduce outside its host
If a population reaches carrying capacity, they will engage in what?
competition
When during cell division do chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell?
immediately after the centromere splits
What structure is common to all cell types?
plasma membrane
Enzymes are what?
proteins
In what organisms is the cytosol of the cells contained by the plasma membrane?
all organisms
What is the cytosol?
the part of the cytoplasm that is not enclosed within the organelles
Where is the blastocyst implanted?
uterus
Where does fertilization in mammals occur?
the oviduct
What is a phenotypic trait?
visible trait
What condition is not met when a new nucleotide sequence appears in the gene pool?
no net mutation- if a new nucleotide sequence appears in the gene pool, there is a new mutation.
Endotherms are ____
warm-blooded, generate heat from metabolic reactions
Ectotherms are ____
cold-blooded, primarily dependent on external heat sources
What is always required for the successful sexual reproduction in multicellular plants or animals?
gametes that are haploid
What is the normal path of blood flow in mammals?
right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
What hormone regulates water conservation in the human body?
ADH
Is lymph produced at lymph nodes?
no
What does lymph consist of?
interstitial fluid recollected into lymph vessels from the spaces between body cells
What adaptations in vertebrates enabled them to colonize early terrestrial environments successfully?
lungs, efficient kidneys, and amniotic eggs
What is an amniotic egg?
egg in which the embryo develops inside an amnion
What would most likely occur if an organism is homozygous for an allele that encodes a defective digestive enzyme?
the organism’s homeostasis would be compromised
Is light required for germination?
no
What is required for germination?
starch is digested to provide energy for growth, uptake of water initiates the process, and the temperature has to be adequate for enzyme activity to occur
What are examples of deuterostomes?
echinoderms (star fish, sea urchins) and chordates (vertebrates, etc.)
What are examples of protostomes?
mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
In protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth and in deuterostomes it develops into the anus
A particular species of flower blooms at night with large white petals that have a strong fragrance. What would be the most probable pollinating agent for the flower?
Mohs- (out during night)
What is biological magnification?
the process by which substances accumulate in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels
When plant cells are placed in a saltwater solution, the volume of the cytoplasm decreases. WHich of the following is the best explanation for this observation?
The water, especially in the vacuole, leaves the cell.
The secondary and tertiary structures of a protein molecule are ultimatelly due to what?
the primary structure (amino acid order) of the protein molecule
What biological process would provide the energy for this reaction?
ADP + phosphate ——-> ATP
the oxidation of glucose
In interphase, DNA is observed in what form?
chromatin
The rate of exchange of nutrients and water between a living eukaryotic cell and its environment is a function of what property?
ratio of surface area to volume
What does nondisjunction during meiosis typically result in?
some gametes having an extra chromosome and some gametes having a fewer chromosome
What is nondisjunction?
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division
Do mosses have vascular tissue consisting of xylem and phloem?
no
In what portion of the root does the greatest frequency of mitosis occur?
apical meristem
What protects a growing root?
root cap
What is responsible for the absorption of dissolved nutrients in roots?
Root hairs
In a root, what is the ground tissue surrounding vascular tissue?
the cortex
What is a noncoding segment of DNA?
an intron
Did respiration evolve before or after photosynthesis?
before
Was free oxygen plentiful in the early atmosphere of Earth?
no
Why do many scientists think that the first cells were heterotrophs rather than autotrophs?
the evolution of heterotrophs would have involved fewer steps than would that of the more complex autotrophs
Do tropical rainforests have extreme temperature fluctuations?
no
What characterizes tropical rain forests?
high humidity, high species diversity, nutrient- poor soils, and a variety of tree species making up the canopy
Oxygen is highly _____
reactive
What is meant by the term “diploid?”
containing pairs of structurally similar chromosomes
Why are diploid chromosomes not identical?
each chromosome in a pair is inherited from one of the parents, so they are not identical
What structure is found in human males that functions in both urinary and reproductive systems?
urethra
Villi of the small intestine and alveoli of the lung both do what?
increase the surface area for exchange of materials, have a thin layer of epithelilial tissue, have extensive blood vessels, and are extremely numerous
What do villi in the small intestine do?
help absorb stuff
What could explain the fact that a woman whose ovulation is normal may be infertile?
Her fallopian tubes are blocked, or sperm movement is inhibited by an incompatible pH in the fluids of the vagina or uterus
What is the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium?
allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
the model of evolution in which there are long periods when species are stable and then short periods of rapid change
What is gradualism?
evolution occurs slowly over a long period of time
In the mammalian eye, the iris has what function?
regulates the size of the pupil opening
What is continental drift?
the movement of the continents on Earth over time
What is adaptive radiation?
the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.
When does crossing-over occur?
prophase I of meiosis
What is an estuary?
the tidal mouth of a large river
What is net primary productivity determined by?
calculating the total primary productivity by producers and subtracting the amount of respiration by those organisms
During muscle contraction, what molecule directly allows for the movement of myosin relative to actin?
ATP
What organelles are capable of ATP production?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
In creasing the number of stomata on the upper surface of a leaf would most likely do what?
increase evaporation of water from the leaf
What do the stomata on the upper surface of the leaf do?
open to allow CO2 into leaf spaces
When heast undergo fermentation, what is produced?
carbon dioxide
In cool temperature, cellular metabolism proceeds _____
slower
What happens when yeast are boiled?
all of the enzymes become denatured and the cells die
Enzyme reactions are ____- dependent
temperature
What do vitaminds A, D, E, and K have in common?
they are fat-soluble
What characteristics best enable reptiles to thrive in desert ecosystems?
four- chambered heart and endothermy
What isn’t an example of energy flow through an ecosystem?
usable nitrogen moves between organisms and the soil- there’s no energy flowing through trophic levels
In what stage does a fern contain vascular tissue?
sporophyte
What are the 2 stages in the life cycle of a fern?
gametophyte and sporophyte
What does the gametophyte do?
produces the gametes
What does the sporophyte do?
grows out of the gametophyte, produces haploid spores
What does the hydrolysis of ATP result in?
ADP and the release of a phosphate group
What substance changes the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy of activation?
an enzyme
What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)?
they are created by digesting DNA samples with known restriction enzymes to produce fragments of different lengths that are then separated by gel electrophoresis
What cells take up potassium ions and water when sunlight and low concentrations of carbon dioxide are present?
guard cells- become rigid, allowing water to pass
What cells serve as storage sites for sugars and starches in stems and roots?
parenchyma cells
What are parenchyma cells?
cells that store sugars and starches in stems and roots and also perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration
What are sclerenchyma cells?
the supportive tissue of vascular plants
What is the number of different phenotypes possible for the progeny of the cross AaBb x AaBb?
4
What group contains all the protozoa and most of the algae?
protista
What contains multicellular heterotrophic organisms that reproduce asexually by spores?
fungi
What kingdom contains organisms that do not have membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei?
monera
What characterizes kingdom monera?
contains oldest life forms on Earth (bacteria), with DNA, and no other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts
A pigment important in the manufacture of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O is contained in the what?
chloroplast
What will happen to red blood cells that have been added to a flask of saturated NaCl solution?
the cells will lose water
What is the base of the food web of the open ocean provided by?
phytoplankton
Are protista multicellular?
no
An organisms that is multicellular and heterotrophic and has cell walls made of a substance other than cellulose belongs to what kingdom?
fungi
What protein structure is affected by drastic changes in temperature and pH?
tertiary
Where is epinephrine/ adrenaline released from?
adrenal glands
Most replication of DNA takes place during what stage of the cell cycle?
before cell division/ interphase
echinoderms have ____ symmetry as larvae but then develop ____ symmetry
bilateral, radial
What are some characteristics of adult echinoderms?
tube feet, radial symmetry, water vascular system
If in an adult organism the genes A and B occur on one chromosome, and their alleles a and b occur on its homologue, which of the following explains a combination of Ab or aB occurring in the gametes?
crossing-over
To test the hypothesis that the response to light involves differential cell elongation, an experimenter could do what?
compare the length of cells on the sides of the stem toward and away from the light
How do the global cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus differ?
nitrogen has a gaseous phase and phosphorus does not
What does the term “adaptive radiation” refer to?
evolution from a single ancestsral species into several species adapted to various environments
Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that later participate in the dark reactions of photosynthesis include what?
reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP
If a somatic cell in a diploid organism contains 10 pairs of chromosomes, what is the total number of chromatids that are present in the cell after the DNA has replicated but before mitosis has taken place?
40
A function of transfer RNA is to do what?
poisition amino acids for protein synthesis by pairing with codons in messenger RNA
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a basic diffreence between mitosis and meiosis?
homologous chromosomes form tetrads in meiosis but not in mitosis
