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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 4: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Ch 4: Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell wall/ cell membrane?

A

The outer layer of a cell

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm or cytosol?

A

Contains the organelles

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3
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Bounded by a nuclear membrane, contains chromosomes

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4
Q

What organisms has only a cell membrane and not also a cell wall?

A

Animals

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5
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

Cellulose (a polysaccharide)

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6
Q

What are bacteria cell walls made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan (protein and sugar)

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7
Q

What are fungi cell walls made up of?

A

Chitin- a polysaccharide similar to cellulose

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Lipids and proteins

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9
Q

What are the primary lipids found in cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids (polar and nonpolar regions, form lipid bilayers)

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10
Q

Why do cell membranes (made of lipid bilayers) make good barriers?

A

The inside of the cell is aqueous (water based), as well as the external environment. The lipid bilayer cell membrane forms a fatty layer between them.

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11
Q

The cell membrane is _____ permeable.

A

selectively

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12
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to lower concentration until a dynamic equilibrium is reached

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13
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The molecules that try to cross are hydrophilic, so can’t interact with the oily barrier. So they need help from proteins.

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14
Q

What is active transport?

A

The cell must expend energy to move something across the membrane, can move it from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration.

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15
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

The movement of large items across the cell membrane, either endocytosis (into the cell) or exocytosis (out of the cell)

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16
Q

How does endocytosis work?

A

The cell takes in a particle by surrounding it within a vesicle.

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17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a cell membrane (through facilitated diffusion)

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18
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

An organelle that stores waste and other material

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sites of protein synthesis; not bound by the membrane

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20
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

System of membrane and tubes that transports substances around the cell

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21
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes bound to it; ribosomes on the rough ER specifically synthesize membrane proteins or secreted proteins

22
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Sorts and packages proteins made by ribosomes on rough ER

23
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Produces ATP for the cell

24
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Digest foreign substances and worn-out organelles

25
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Help to form the spindle during mitosis

26
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Control center of the cell; contains DNA

27
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Structure in nucleus, site of ribosome synthesis

28
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Outer membrane that regulates what goes in and out of cell

29
Q

Do animal cells have cell walls?

A

No

30
Q

What are bacteria cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

31
Q

Engulfing large particles in a vesicle is know as:

A

Endocytosis

32
Q

Facilitated diffusion is a way for _______ substances to cross the cell membrane

A

Hydrophilic

33
Q

Fungi have cell walls made of ______ and plants have cell walls made of ______.

A

Chitin, cellulose

34
Q

Does simple diffusion require energy?

A

No

35
Q

Hydrophobic substances cross the membrane by ________.

A

Simple diffusion

36
Q

A type of movement that requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradients is called ______.

A

Active transport

37
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic (more concentrated) solution?

A

There are more particles outside, so there is less water outside. Water will move to outside the cell, so it will shrivel up.

38
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic (more dilute) solution?

A

There are less particles outside, so there is more water inside. Water will move from outside the cell to inside, so the cell will swell up.

39
Q

What happens if a cell is placed in an isotonic (same concentration) solution?

A

It will neither shrivel nor swell

40
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

No organelles

41
Q

The fact that enzymes interact with substrate by physically fitting together has given rise to the phrase “________ and _______”

A

Lock and key

42
Q

Enzymes are known as organic _______

A

Catalysts

43
Q

When an enzyme has catalyzed a chemical reaction and the products are formed, is the enzyme itself consumed?

A

No, it is available to catalyze additional reactions.

44
Q

The location on an enzyme where substrate binds is called the ______.

A

Active site

45
Q

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, is it used up?

A

No. It is reusable.

46
Q

What are reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction called?

A

Substrates

47
Q

What type of molecules are enzymes?

A

Organic (proteins)

48
Q

If enzymes lose their shapes (become denatured) what happens?

A

They can’t run reactions.

49
Q

What can denature enzymes?

A

Heat, acids, and bases

50
Q

What are molecules that help enzymes catalyze reactions called?

A

Coenzymes

51
Q

What act as coenzymes in the body?

A

Vitamins

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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