Ch 6: Transcription and Translation Flashcards
Where is a eukaryote cell’s genetic information (DNA) located?
Nucleus
What is a chromosome?
A piece of DNA in the nucleus of a cell
When does DNA replicate?
When cells divide
How does DNA replicate?
- unwinds, 2 strands separate
- DNA polymerase lines up nucleotides to form new 2nd strands
- Hydrogen bonds form between the sugar-phosphate components
- twist up
What does it mean when you say that one DNA strand acts as a template for the formation of another?
Nucleotide bases direct the construction of a complementary strand that forms alongside it.
Every somatic cell has ___ chromosomes.
46
In 1 organism, are the chromosomes in one cell’s nucleus identical to that in every other cell’s nucleus?
Yes
Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes are said to be _____.
diploid
If 2 individuals are of the same species, then are the chromosomes in one individual’s cells identical to the chromosomes in the other individual’s cells?
no
The enzyme that runs DNA replication is called _____.
DNA polymerase
Humans have ____ total chromosomes found as _____ sets of _____ chromosomes each
46, 2, 23
One strand of DNA serves as a _______ for the creation of a complementary strand.
template
Are homologous chromosomes identical?
No
What are the portions of DNA that actually carry instructions for protein synthesis called?
Genes
What is the sugar in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA?
Ribose
RNA is a polymer of _____
nucleotides
RNA is _____-stranded
single
What is the production of a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA called?
transcription- they are both made of nucleotides
What is the switch from RNA to protein called?
Translation- RNA is nucleotides and protein is amino acids
What enzyme creates a complementary strand of RNA?
RNA polymerase
How much of the DNA molecule is transcribed to make RNA?
only a portion of the genes in the DNA
What does mRNA do?
carries the information for protein synthesis to the ribosomes
What does rRNA do?
interacts with ribosomes to make them functional
What does tRNA do?
carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Where does translation/ protein synthesis occur?
cytoplasm
What is a sequence of 3 nucleotides called?
codon
What is the dictionary for protein translation called?
genetic code
The sequence of RNA that is complementary to the DNA sequence CAGTATACG is _______
GUCAUAUGC
Portions of DNA that carry instructions for protein synthesis are called ______
genes
____ carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes during protein translation
tRNA
The sequence of codons on mRNA is read in ______ sequence.
nonoverlapping
The 3 “stop” codons are:
UAG, UAA, UGA
In order to base-pair, the anticodon on a tRNA must be _____ to an mRNA codon
complementary
Peptide bonds are formed between ________
amino acids
The next amino acid for the protein being translated binds (attaches to its tRNA) in the _____
A-site
The growing protein is attached to the ribosome through a tRNA in the ______
P-site
When a stop codon appears in the ____, the protein is ____ from the ribosome
A-site, released
The ________ is a special region on the tRNA molecule that can base-pair with codons on mRNA
anticodon
The ribosome is an organelle that __________________
synthesizes protein
Once the tRNA base-pairs with the codons on mRNA, the ribosome formes a __________ between the 2 amino acids.
peptide bond
What does the P in P-site stand for and the A in A-site?
peptide, amino acid
