Ch 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal, Muscular, and Developmental Systems Flashcards
What is the order of the organs in the alimentary canal?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Does the stomach secrete a digestive enzyme?
yes
What enzyme do the salivary glands secrete and what does it help with the digestion of?
amylase, carbohyddrates
The colon is the _____ intestine
large
What is the vitamin needed for blood clotting and what is it made by?
K, large
What does the liver produce?
bile
The products of digestion are absorbed through the walls of the _________
small intestine
The stomach is ____ which means that its pH is ___
acidic, low
What does the pancreas produce?
bicarbonate
What is the function of the large intestine?
reabsorb water
What is Vitamin C necessary to make?
collagen
Pepsin is an _____ secreted by the ______ that helps in the digestion of ______
enzyme, stomach, proteins
Does bile digest fats?
No, it emulsifies them
What produces blood proteins and regulates glycogen metabolism?
liver
What is Vitamin A needed to make?
retinal
What is Vitamin B needed for?
cellular respiration and DNA replication
What is Vitamin D needed for?
calcium absorption
What is Vitamin E needed for?
to protect cell membranes from damage
What is Vitamin K needed for?
blood clotting
What is iron needed in?
hemoglobin
What is calcium needed for?
strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction
What is iodine needed to make?
thyroxine, a thyroid hormone
Is the pancreas part of the alimentary canal?
No, it is an accessory organ
What is peristalsis?
Wavelike contractions that push food down to the stomach from the esophagus
What is the exocrine system?
Pancreas tucked into a loop of small intestine
What does the mouth form food into?
a bolus
What is bile produced by and where is it stored?
made by liver, stored in gallbladder
Where do the enzymes in the small intestine come from?
pancreas (amylase, lipases, proteases, bicarbonate)
Why is the pH in the intestines close to neutral?
The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the stomach
What are the 3 processes used by the nephron to make urine?
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
What sets up a concentration gradient in the medulla?
loop of Henle
What means taking a substance from the urine and returning it to the blood?
reabsorption
Glucose is always _____
reabsorbed
The kidney helps to regulate blood pressure by releasing what?
renin
What carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
urethra
Where does filtration occur?
glomerulus
ADH increases the amount of what reabsorbed from filtrate?
water
Where does most reabsorption and secretion occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
ADH levels are _____ when the body is dehydrated, and this causes the urine to be _______
high, concentrated
What are the 3 main waste products found in urine?
urea, uric acid, and creatinine
What organ filters waste products from the blood?
kidneys
What is a nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney
What happens at the loop of Henle
water is reabsorbed and salt is transported out of the filtrate and into the tissues of the kidney, establishing a concentration gradient
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?
Specialized and regulated reabsorption and secretion
What does aldosterone do and where?
increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed into the blood, causing water to also be absorbed, in the distal tubule
What is the final portion of the nephron and what does it do?
collecting duct, receives filtrate from several nephrons
What does ADH do and what is its effect?
collecting duct, causes the walls of it to become permeable to water
What is the first portion of the nephron after Bowman’s capsule and what happens here?
proximal convoluted tubule
where most reabsorption and secretion takes place
What does the loop of Henle do?
reabsorbs water, transports salt out of filtrate and into kidney, establishing a concentration gradient in the kidney
The inner portions of the kidney (medulla) are _____ than the outer (cortex)
saltier/ more concentrated
What does the collecting duct to?
regulated water reabsorption
where hormone ADH has effect- causes walls of collecting duct to become permeable to water
If the walls are permeable, water can move out via osmosis into blood
What do the kidneys do?
regulate blood pressure by releasing renin when blood pressure is low
What is renin?
an enzyme that produces angiotensin II which constricts blood vessels and allows for the secretion of aldosterone which increases blood pressure
What do worms use to eliminate nitrogen wastes?
metanephridia
What do insects use to eliminate nitrogen wastes?
malpighian tubules
Smooth muscle is found where?
hollow organs
What is the deepest layer of the skin?
hypodermis
Spiders have what type of skeletons?
exoskeletons
What are the 2 proteins found in muscle cell sarcomeres?
actin and myosin
When the body gets too warm, dermal blood vessels _____ and shivering _____
dilate, stops
Muscles are attached to bones by what?
tendons
In a sacromere, ____ attaches to Z-lines
actin
The neurotransmitter used to stimulate muscle contraction is _______
acetylcholine
____ muscle is voluntary
Skeletal
Bones are attached to other bones by ______
ligaments
Cardiac muscle is found in ______
the heart only
Progesterone is secreted during the ____ phase of the ovarian cycle
luteal
Sperm are produced where?
seminiferous tubules
The ovary is controlled by _______ from the anterior pituitary, and it secretes _______ that affect the uterus.
FSH and LH, estrogen and progesterone
_____ prolongs the life of the corpus luteum if fertilization and and implantation occur
hGC
The ______ is a large duct that conducts sperm from the testes to the urethra.
vas deferens
A surge in ___ causes ovulation
LH
The remnants of a follicle after ovulation become the _________
corpus luteum
______ causes the uterine lining to grow during the proliferative phase
Estrogen
______ is a nourishing fluid that carries sperm. It is secreted by glands in the male reproductive system.
semen
Estrogen causes growth of the uterine lining during the _____ phase of the uterine cycle.
Proliferative
What is the lining of the uterus called?
endometrium
What are the 3 stages of the uterine cycle?
menstruation, proliferative phase, seceratory phase
What is menstruation?
shedding of endometrium
What is the proliferative phase?
new uterine lining is built
What is the secretory phase?
new uterine lining is maintained and enhanced
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
What happens during the follicular phas?
FSH causes development of a follicle in ovary
What is ovulation?
release of oocyte, surge of LH
What is the luteal phase?
corpus luteum (made from left behind follicles) secretes progesterone, and degenerates
What are the stages of human development in order?
gametes, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation in the uterus, gastrulation, nerulation, fetus, birth
Where does fertilization take place?
Fallopian tube
What is the developmental stage marked by a series of rapid mitotic divisions?
cleavage
The human eye develops from what?
ectoderm
Bllod vessels develop from what?
mesoderm
The first 8 weeks of development are called what?
the embryonic stage
The membrane that most directly surrounds the embryo is the what?
amnion
Organogenisis occurs during what?
neurulation
Implantation occurs ____ cleavage
after
A blastocyst forms ____ a morula
after
Neurulation occurs ____ the fetal stage
before
The _______ is the region at the top of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the ovum
acrosome
The nervous system develops from ______
ectoderm
The kidneys develop from _____
mesoderm
What are the stages of the embryonic stage?
gastrulation and neurulation
What are the germ layerds the inner cell mass divides into during gastrulation?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
What does the endoderm become?
inner linings of body systems, glandular organs (liver, pancreas, salivary glands)
What does the mesoderm become?
middle structures (blood vessels, bones, heart) and nonglandular organs (kidneys, uterus, gonads)
What does the ectoderm become?
external structures (skin, hair, nails)
What forms in neurulation?
organs of the nervous system and every other organ
What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes?
yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion
What does the yolk sac do?
food for developing embryo
What is the amnion and what does it do?
clear membrane that surrounds embryo, filled with fluid that absorbs shock
What does the allantois become?
umbillical chord in humans, disposal site for solid wastes in birds and reptiles
What is the chorion?
outermost membrane, encloses all other membranes
