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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal, Muscular, and Developmental Systems > Flashcards

Ch 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal, Muscular, and Developmental Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order of the organs in the alimentary canal?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

Does the stomach secrete a digestive enzyme?

A

yes

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3
Q

What enzyme do the salivary glands secrete and what does it help with the digestion of?

A

amylase, carbohyddrates

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4
Q

The colon is the _____ intestine

A

large

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5
Q

What is the vitamin needed for blood clotting and what is it made by?

A

K, large

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6
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

bile

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7
Q

The products of digestion are absorbed through the walls of the _________

A

small intestine

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8
Q

The stomach is ____ which means that its pH is ___

A

acidic, low

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9
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

bicarbonate

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10
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

reabsorb water

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11
Q

What is Vitamin C necessary to make?

A

collagen

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12
Q

Pepsin is an _____ secreted by the ______ that helps in the digestion of ______

A

enzyme, stomach, proteins

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13
Q

Does bile digest fats?

A

No, it emulsifies them

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14
Q

What produces blood proteins and regulates glycogen metabolism?

A

liver

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15
Q

What is Vitamin A needed to make?

A

retinal

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16
Q

What is Vitamin B needed for?

A

cellular respiration and DNA replication

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17
Q

What is Vitamin D needed for?

A

calcium absorption

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18
Q

What is Vitamin E needed for?

A

to protect cell membranes from damage

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19
Q

What is Vitamin K needed for?

A

blood clotting

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20
Q

What is iron needed in?

A

hemoglobin

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21
Q

What is calcium needed for?

A

strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction

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22
Q

What is iodine needed to make?

A

thyroxine, a thyroid hormone

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23
Q

Is the pancreas part of the alimentary canal?

A

No, it is an accessory organ

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24
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Wavelike contractions that push food down to the stomach from the esophagus

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25
Q

What is the exocrine system?

A

Pancreas tucked into a loop of small intestine

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26
Q

What does the mouth form food into?

A

a bolus

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27
Q

What is bile produced by and where is it stored?

A

made by liver, stored in gallbladder

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28
Q

Where do the enzymes in the small intestine come from?

A

pancreas (amylase, lipases, proteases, bicarbonate)

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29
Q

Why is the pH in the intestines close to neutral?

A

The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the stomach

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30
Q

What are the 3 processes used by the nephron to make urine?

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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31
Q

What sets up a concentration gradient in the medulla?

A

loop of Henle

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32
Q

What means taking a substance from the urine and returning it to the blood?

A

reabsorption

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33
Q

Glucose is always _____

A

reabsorbed

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34
Q

The kidney helps to regulate blood pressure by releasing what?

A

renin

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35
Q

What carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

A

urethra

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36
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

glomerulus

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37
Q

ADH increases the amount of what reabsorbed from filtrate?

A

water

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38
Q

Where does most reabsorption and secretion occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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39
Q

ADH levels are _____ when the body is dehydrated, and this causes the urine to be _______

A

high, concentrated

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40
Q

What are the 3 main waste products found in urine?

A

urea, uric acid, and creatinine

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41
Q

What organ filters waste products from the blood?

A

kidneys

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42
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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43
Q

What happens at the loop of Henle

A

water is reabsorbed and salt is transported out of the filtrate and into the tissues of the kidney, establishing a concentration gradient

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44
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Specialized and regulated reabsorption and secretion

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45
Q

What does aldosterone do and where?

A

increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed into the blood, causing water to also be absorbed, in the distal tubule

46
Q

What is the final portion of the nephron and what does it do?

A

collecting duct, receives filtrate from several nephrons

47
Q

What does ADH do and what is its effect?

A

collecting duct, causes the walls of it to become permeable to water

48
Q

What is the first portion of the nephron after Bowman’s capsule and what happens here?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

where most reabsorption and secretion takes place

49
Q

What does the loop of Henle do?

A

reabsorbs water, transports salt out of filtrate and into kidney, establishing a concentration gradient in the kidney

50
Q

The inner portions of the kidney (medulla) are _____ than the outer (cortex)

A

saltier/ more concentrated

51
Q

What does the collecting duct to?

A

regulated water reabsorption
where hormone ADH has effect- causes walls of collecting duct to become permeable to water
If the walls are permeable, water can move out via osmosis into blood

52
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

regulate blood pressure by releasing renin when blood pressure is low

53
Q

What is renin?

A

an enzyme that produces angiotensin II which constricts blood vessels and allows for the secretion of aldosterone which increases blood pressure

54
Q

What do worms use to eliminate nitrogen wastes?

A

metanephridia

55
Q

What do insects use to eliminate nitrogen wastes?

A

malpighian tubules

56
Q

Smooth muscle is found where?

A

hollow organs

57
Q

What is the deepest layer of the skin?

A

hypodermis

58
Q

Spiders have what type of skeletons?

A

exoskeletons

59
Q

What are the 2 proteins found in muscle cell sarcomeres?

A

actin and myosin

60
Q

When the body gets too warm, dermal blood vessels _____ and shivering _____

A

dilate, stops

61
Q

Muscles are attached to bones by what?

A

tendons

62
Q

In a sacromere, ____ attaches to Z-lines

A

actin

63
Q

The neurotransmitter used to stimulate muscle contraction is _______

A

acetylcholine

64
Q

____ muscle is voluntary

A

Skeletal

65
Q

Bones are attached to other bones by ______

A

ligaments

66
Q

Cardiac muscle is found in ______

A

the heart only

67
Q

Progesterone is secreted during the ____ phase of the ovarian cycle

A

luteal

68
Q

Sperm are produced where?

A

seminiferous tubules

69
Q

The ovary is controlled by _______ from the anterior pituitary, and it secretes _______ that affect the uterus.

A

FSH and LH, estrogen and progesterone

70
Q

_____ prolongs the life of the corpus luteum if fertilization and and implantation occur

A

hGC

71
Q

The ______ is a large duct that conducts sperm from the testes to the urethra.

A

vas deferens

72
Q

A surge in ___ causes ovulation

A

LH

73
Q

The remnants of a follicle after ovulation become the _________

A

corpus luteum

74
Q

______ causes the uterine lining to grow during the proliferative phase

A

Estrogen

75
Q

______ is a nourishing fluid that carries sperm. It is secreted by glands in the male reproductive system.

A

semen

76
Q

Estrogen causes growth of the uterine lining during the _____ phase of the uterine cycle.

A

Proliferative

77
Q

What is the lining of the uterus called?

A

endometrium

78
Q

What are the 3 stages of the uterine cycle?

A

menstruation, proliferative phase, seceratory phase

79
Q

What is menstruation?

A

shedding of endometrium

80
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

new uterine lining is built

81
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

new uterine lining is maintained and enhanced

82
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

83
Q

What happens during the follicular phas?

A

FSH causes development of a follicle in ovary

84
Q

What is ovulation?

A

release of oocyte, surge of LH

85
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum (made from left behind follicles) secretes progesterone, and degenerates

86
Q

What are the stages of human development in order?

A

gametes, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation in the uterus, gastrulation, nerulation, fetus, birth

87
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Fallopian tube

88
Q

What is the developmental stage marked by a series of rapid mitotic divisions?

A

cleavage

89
Q

The human eye develops from what?

A

ectoderm

90
Q

Bllod vessels develop from what?

A

mesoderm

91
Q

The first 8 weeks of development are called what?

A

the embryonic stage

92
Q

The membrane that most directly surrounds the embryo is the what?

A

amnion

93
Q

Organogenisis occurs during what?

A

neurulation

94
Q

Implantation occurs ____ cleavage

A

after

95
Q

A blastocyst forms ____ a morula

A

after

96
Q

Neurulation occurs ____ the fetal stage

A

before

97
Q

The _______ is the region at the top of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the ovum

A

acrosome

98
Q

The nervous system develops from ______

A

ectoderm

99
Q

The kidneys develop from _____

A

mesoderm

100
Q

What are the stages of the embryonic stage?

A

gastrulation and neurulation

101
Q

What are the germ layerds the inner cell mass divides into during gastrulation?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

102
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

inner linings of body systems, glandular organs (liver, pancreas, salivary glands)

103
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

middle structures (blood vessels, bones, heart) and nonglandular organs (kidneys, uterus, gonads)

104
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

external structures (skin, hair, nails)

105
Q

What forms in neurulation?

A

organs of the nervous system and every other organ

106
Q

What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes?

A

yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion

107
Q

What does the yolk sac do?

A

food for developing embryo

108
Q

What is the amnion and what does it do?

A

clear membrane that surrounds embryo, filled with fluid that absorbs shock

109
Q

What does the allantois become?

A

umbillical chord in humans, disposal site for solid wastes in birds and reptiles

110
Q

What is the chorion?

A

outermost membrane, encloses all other membranes

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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