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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 10: Microorganisms > Flashcards

Ch 10: Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Most fungi are multicellular ______.

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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3
Q

Can fungi photosynthesize?

A

No because they lack chloroplasts

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4
Q

Fungi are absorptive feeders, which means:

A

they secrete hydrolytic enzymes that digest their food outside their bodies

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5
Q

What are the methods fungi reproduce?

A

Asexual spores
Sexual spores
Vegetative growth
Budding

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6
Q

What are asexual spores?

A

Spores that can drop off the fungus and grow a new organism

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7
Q

What are sexual spores?

A

Spores that combine to form a new organism

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8
Q

What is vegetative growth?

A

A portion of the fungus breaks off and forms a new fungus

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9
Q

What is budding?

A

A new fungus grows off the side of the old fungus (yeast)

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10
Q

How can bacteria achieve genetic recombination?

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

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11
Q

What is transformation?

A

Bacteria pick up new DNA

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12
Q

What is conjugation?

A

A bacterium replicates its DNA and donates some of it to another bacterium through a bridge called a pilus

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13
Q

What is transduction?

A

A virus carries DNA from one bacterium to another during infection

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14
Q

What are obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that need oxygen
Bacteria that need no oxygen
Bacteria that can use oxygen but don’t have to

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15
Q

What is an auxotroph?

A

An organism that requires supplementary nutrition

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16
Q

If a substance that cannot be synthesized is added to the growth medium can the auxotroph grow?

A

No =(

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17
Q

If bacteria are auxotrophic for an amino acid, what is it denoted with?

A

a minus sign

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18
Q

If a bacterium can grow in the absence of a particular amino acid, is it auxotrophic for that amino acid?

A

No

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19
Q

Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of what plants?

A

Legumes

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20
Q

A virus has a coat made of protein called a _____ with nucleic acid/ the genome inside of it

A

capsid

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21
Q

Viruses can reproduce only with ________

A

the help of another cell

22
Q

How does the viral life cycle begin?

A

Attachment- virus attaches itself to the host cell

Infection- virus injects its genome into the host cell

23
Q

What happens in the lytic cycle?

A

The viral genome is transcribed and translated to make viral proteins, they are replicated and made into new capsids. The host is then lysed (broken open) and new viruses escape

24
Q

What happens in the lysogenic cycle?

A

The viral genome is integrated into the host’s genome and remains dormant until the host cell experiences stress and it begins the lytic cycle.

25
Q

Animal cells do not have a cell wall, so viruses that infect them do not ______

A

have to lyse them to escape

26
Q

A virus with an RNA genome needs what to replicate?

A

an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

27
Q

Fungi are classified as ______

A

Eukaryotes

28
Q

Do bacteria have mitochondria, ribosomes, and cell walls?

A

No, yes, yes

29
Q

Yeast are _______ that reproduce by _______

A

Eukaryotes, budding

30
Q

A viral _____ is made of protein

A

capsid

31
Q

_______ occurs when a virus transfers some DNA from one bacterium to another

A

Transduction

32
Q

Can fungi photosynthesize?

A

No

33
Q

Bacteria that can chill in the presence or absence of oxygen are called ________

A

faculative anaerobes

34
Q

Are all fungi eukaryotes?

A

Yes

35
Q

When a bacterium replicates its DNA and gives some of the DNA to another bacterium through a pilus, this is called

A

Conjugation

36
Q

Fungi have a cell wall made of _____

A

chitin

37
Q

Bacteria are classified as ________ and therefore ____ have nuclei

A

Prokaryotes, do not

38
Q

An enzyme that makes a strand of RNA by reading a strand of DNA is called

A

RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase

39
Q

Retroviruses go through the _____ life cycle

A

lysogenic

40
Q

A ________ cut of DNA by a restriction enzyme produces sticky ends

A

staggered

41
Q

A piece of DNA cut with a restriction enzyme that produces sticky ends can be litigated to any piece of DNA cut with what?

A

The same restriction enzyme

42
Q

The enzyme that seals together cut pieces of DNA is called ______.

A

DNA ligase

43
Q

A sequence of DNA that reads the same from both directions is called a ________.

A

Palindrome

44
Q

Can a piece of DNA cut with a restriction enzyme that produces blunt ends be litigated into a plasmid cut with any other restriction enzyme?

A

No

45
Q

What is a restriction enzyme?

A

An enzyme that recognizes a particular short DNA sequence and then cuts the DNA strand within that sequence

46
Q

What do bacteria use restriction enzymes for?

A

To cut foreign DNA

47
Q

If a piece of DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that produces sticky ends, what can it be reattached to?

A

Any other piece of DNA cut with the same restriction enzyme because they have to overlap in a complementary fashion.

48
Q

In a blunt cut, how is the DNA cut?

A

straight across both ends

49
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small circular piece of DNA frequently found in bacteria. It contains restriction sites.

50
Q

How is recombinant DNA technology used?

A

To study DNA sequences of species that do not reproduce rapidly

51
Q

What do restriction enzymes give us the ability to do?

A

Recombine DNA into custom combinations

52
Q

What do vectors do and what are some examples of them?

A

Shuttles used to move DNA between species

plasmid, virus

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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