Ch 8: Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What term refers to an organism’s observable traits?

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

What term refers to an organism’s genes responsible for observable traits?

A

Genotype

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3
Q

What are versions of a gene called?

A

allele

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4
Q

What term refers to the fact that the gene responsible for a particular observable trait might exist in more than one version?

A

allele

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5
Q

If one allele in a member of a homologous chromosome pair codes for blue eye color and a corresponding allele on the other codes for brown eye color, the organism is said to be _________ for eye color.

A

heterozygous

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6
Q

What does it mean if an organism is homozygous for a trait?

A

Its two alleles are in agreement

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7
Q

What does it mean if an organism is heterozygous for a trait?

A

Their two alleles don’t agree

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8
Q

What is codominance?

A

In the case of multiple alleles, a heterozygote expresses a mixture of the traits of both alleles

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9
Q

What are all chromosomes besides sex chromosomes called?

A

autosomes

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10
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

Crossing 2 true breeds for 1 trait to study 1 trait

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11
Q

What is the Law of Dominance?

A

One trait masks the effects of another trait

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12
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

Alleles can segregate and recombine

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13
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Traits can segregate and recombine independently of other traits

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14
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Using a recessive organism to determine the genotype of an organism of unknown genotype

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15
Q

What is a sex-linked trait?

A

A trait whose allele is carried on one of the sex chromosomes- X CHROMOSOME for test

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16
Q

What are the 3 X-linked traits to know for the test?

A

hemophilia
color blindness
male pattern baldness

17
Q

What does it mean if a trait is an X-linked recessive trait?

A

A female can only get it if she’s homozygous for the X chromosome that carries the allele for the trait

18
Q

What is a female who is heterozygous for an X-linked recessive trait?

A

Carrier- don’t express the trait but carry the allele for it

19
Q

If a male is carrying the allele for hemophilia on his X chromosome, is his phenotype hemophilia?

A

Yes- there is no normal X chromosome to dominate it

20
Q

X-linked recessive diseases are much more common in males than females because:

A

Females have to be homozygous for it and males only have to carry it on the X chromosome

21
Q

An X-linked recessive trait cannot go from ______.

A

father to son

22
Q

In pedigrees, males are represented by _____ and females by ______

A

squares, circles