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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 9: Evolution and Diversity > Flashcards

Ch 9: Evolution and Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Today’s atmosphere contains mostly ______ and ______, and the primary organisms are _____.

A

nitrogen, oxygen, aerobic

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2
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain _____ and the primary organisms were _____

A

oxygen, anaerobic

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3
Q

What did Earth’s early atmosphere contain?

A

hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water

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4
Q

The first cells on Earth were _____

A

heterotrophs

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5
Q

The phrase __________ refers to the fact that within any population of any species, genotypes vary

A

Genetic variation/ variability

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6
Q

Genetic variability is attributable to __________

A

Random mutation

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7
Q

If a mutation were to occur in a somatic cell instead of a gamete, could that mutation cause genetic variability in the population?

A

No

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8
Q

How does genetic variability happen?

A

Random mutation of DNA

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9
Q

What are other sources of variations?

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over during meiosis, and random fertilization

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10
Q

Is sexual reproduction necessary for evolution?

A

No

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11
Q

Evolution means a change in a population’s _______

A

gene pool

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12
Q

Can convergent evolution result in speciation?

A

No

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13
Q

What is the organizational scheme of species?

A

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

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14
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Science of classification and naming

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15
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus do?

A

came up with the modern system of classification (binomial system)

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17
Q

What is the first part of names in the binomial system? The second?

A

Genus, species

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18
Q

What are the 3 domains and what is the order they evolved in?

A

Domain bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain eukarya

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19
Q

What is the kingdom in Domain Bacteria? What does it include

A

Eubacteria- includes Cyanobacteria

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of Cyanobacteria?

A

contain chlorophyll, can photosynthesize

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21
Q

What is Domain Archaea made up of, and what kingdom are they in?

A

Prokaryotes, kingdom Archaebacteria

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of Domain Archaea organisms?

A

Living in extremely harsh environments that most other organisms could not tolerate (extreme halophiles, thermophiles, and methanogens)

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23
Q

What is Domain Eukarya made up of?

A

Eukaryotes

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24
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms in Domain Eukarya?

A

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

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25
Q

What are the 3 phyla of Kingdom Protista?

A

Protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists

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26
Q

Brown algae belong to which kingdom?

A

Protista

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27
Q

Soft-bodied animals with hard external shells are classified as:

A

mollusks

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28
Q

In chordates, fish appeared _____ birds and birds appeared ____ mammals

A

before, before

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29
Q

Animals with jointed appendages, hard exoskeletons, and segmented bodies are classified as:

A

arthropods

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30
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No

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31
Q

Mushrooms and yeast are:

A

hetereotrophic

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32
Q

Amoebas and slime molds belong to which kingdom?

A

Protista

33
Q

Having flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 is a characteristic of ____

A

dicots

34
Q

Do protists have a nucleus?

A

Yes

35
Q

Mosses and liverworts are examples of _____ plants

A

Nonvascular

36
Q

Can cyanobacteria photosynthesize?

A

Yes

37
Q

Earthworms and other segmented worms belong to phylum ____.

A

annelida

38
Q

Plants with parallel veins in their leaves and flower parts in multiples of 3 are classified as _____.

A

Monocots

39
Q

Conifers, such as pine trees, are classified as ______

A

gymnosperms

40
Q

Flowering plants can be divided into what classes?

A

Monocots and dicots

41
Q

How can monocots be characterized?

A

single-seed leaves, parallel veins, flowers parts in multiples of 3s

42
Q

How can dicots be characterized?

A

2 seed leaves, net-like veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

43
Q

How can amoebas be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista

- unicellular, move using cellular extensions called pseudopodia

44
Q

How can Sporozoans be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista
  • most members have life cycles with both asexual stages that often require 2 or more different host species for completion
45
Q

How can Ciliates be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista

- use cilia for movement and feeding

46
Q

How can slime molds be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista

- contain many nuclei

47
Q

How can euglena be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista
  • unicellular, photosyntheic algae
  • move with flagellum (whip-like tail)
48
Q

How can diatoms be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista
  • unique glass-like walls
  • live in both freshwater and marine environments
49
Q

How can brown algae be characterized?

A
  • kingdom Protista
  • seaweeds
  • multicellular
50
Q

What characterized Kingdom Protista?

A 
organelles and true nucleus
contains protozoa (animal-like protists), algae (plant-like protists) and fungus-like protists
everything that's not an animal, plant, or fungus basically
51
Q

What characterized Kingdom Plantae?

A

multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic

52
Q

What characterizes nonvascular plants?

A
  • kingdom plantae
  • lacks vascular tissue xylem and phloem
  • live in damp areas where water is abundant
  • require water for fertilization
  • do not have true stems, leaves, or roots
53
Q

What characterizes ferms?

A
  • kingdom plantae

- no seeds- SPORES, which can be scattered by wind

54
Q

What characterizes conifers?

A
  • kingdom plantae
  • seeds are not protected in a seed coat- gymnosperms
  • gymnosperms do not produce flowers
55
Q

What characterizes flowering plants?

A
  • kingdom plantae
  • produce flowers and pollen
  • seeds= protected by fruits and nuts
  • divided into Class Monocots and Class Dicot
56
Q

What characterizes Class Monocot?

A
  • in phylum of flowering plants
  • single-seed leaves- cotyledons
  • parallel vieins in leaves
  • flower parts in multiples of 3s
  • fibrous root system
57
Q

What characterizes Class Dicot?

A
  • phylum flowering plants
  • 2 seed leaves/ cotyledons
  • netlike veins in leaves
  • flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
  • vascular tissue arranged in ring
  • taproot system
58
Q

What characterizes kingdom fungi?

A
  • all eukaryotic, cell wall made of chitin
  • exception = yeast-unicellular
  • no chloroplasts- heterotrophic
  • no digestive system, absorptive feeders
59
Q

What characterizes Division Zygomycota?

A
  • kingdom fungi
  • reproduce sexually
  • common molds
60
Q

What characterizes Division Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)?

A
  • kingdom fungi

- mushrooms, shelf fungi

61
Q

What characterizes Kingdom Animalia?

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic

62
Q

What characterizes sponges?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • sessile (nonmoving)
  • perforated body wall made of 2 layers of cells
63
Q

What characterizes colenterates?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • body walls made of 2 layers of cells and a central, sac-like digestive system
  • radial symmetry
  • hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones
64
Q

What are vascular plants subdivided into?

A

seedless plants and seed plants

65
Q

What are seed plants further divided into?

A 
nonflowering plants (gymnosperms)
flowering plants (angiosperms)
66
Q

What characterizes flatworms?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • bilateral symmetry, a head
  • planaria, flukes, and tapeworms
67
Q

What characterizes mollusks?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • soft- bodied with hard external shells
  • exceptions= octopi and squid- reduced, internal shells
  • 3 major body regions:
    foot for movement
  • visceral mass- where organs are contained
  • mantle: may secrete a shell
68
Q

What characterizes segmented worms?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • closed circulation, mouth and anus
  • excrete waste through mentanephridia
  • earhworm and leeches
69
Q

What characterizes arthropods?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton containing chitin, segmented body with head, thorax and abdomen
  • eliminate wastes through Malpighian tubules
  • open circulatory system
  • crustaceams, insects, arachnids
  • largest and most diverse phylum
70
Q

What characterises echinoderms?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • radial symmetry, spiny exoskeletons
  • water vascular system ending in tube feet that function in feeding, gas exchange, and movement
  • sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars
71
Q

What characterizes Chordates?

A
  • Kingdom animalia
  • solid notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail
  • fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
72
Q

What are the classes in phylum chordata?

A 
Cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
F: Fish
A: Amphibians
R: Reptiles
B: Birds
M: Mammals
73
Q

What characterizes Cartilaginous Fishes?

A
  • Phylum Chordata
  • flexible exo skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone
  • some lay eggs, some bear live young
  • sharks and sting rays
74
Q

What characterizes Bony Fishes?

A
  • Phylum Chordata
  • Bone skeletons
  • lay large number of eggs without shells
  • bass, tuna, trout
75
Q

What characterizes Amphibians?

A
  • Phylum Chordata
  • eggs lack shells, must be laid in water
  • aquatic larval stage, undergo metamorphosis into a terrestrial adult
  • breathe through lungs and/ or skin
  • frogs, salamanders
76
Q

What characterizes Reptiles?

A
  • Phylum Chordata
  • thick, scaly skin
  • eggs have shells to resist dehydration, or they bear live young
  • breathe through lungs
  • crocodiles, lizards, snakes
77
Q

What characterizes birds?

A
  • Phylum Chordata
  • tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings
  • breathe through lungs, lay shelled eggs
  • endothermic
  • owls, eagles, sparrows, penguins
78
Q

What characterizes mammals?

A
  • Phylum Chordata
  • endoghermic, have hair, nourish young from mammary glands
  • most bear live young, breathe through lungs
  • rodents, kangaroos, antelope, humans

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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