Ch 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
Which blood cells function in the immune system?
White blood cells
Hemoglobin contains _____ and can bind to _______
iron, oxygen
What percentage of the blood is made of red blood cells?
45%
What do B-cells make?
antibodies
Insufficient iron in the diet leads to insufficient ______ and the disease _____.
hemoglobin, anemia
____ T-cells are T-cells that help B-cells and other T-cells reproduce
Helper
T-cells are _____ blood cells
white
Blood cells involved in blood clotting are called ________
platelets
Plasma is mainly composed of what?
water
Organisms with open circulatory systems have blood called ______ that is not carried in _______
hemolymph, vessels
What are examples of organisms with open circulatory systems?
arthropods (insects)
What is hemoglobin?
A protein in red blood cells
What do killer T-cells do?
Kill infected cells
Where are all blood cells made?
bone marrow
The genotype for blood type O is
ii
Blood type AB is sometimes called the universal _______
recipient
Blood type A can receive blood from what blood types?
A and O
Blood type B can donate blood to what blood types?
AB, B
The probability of a man homozygous for blood type B and a woman homozygous for blood type A producing a child with blood type A is ____
0%
What are the genotypes for blood type A?
IAIA, IAi
Blood type AB can donate blood to what blood type?
AB
Alleles IA and IB are said to be what?
codominant
___ are blood vessels that return blood to the heart
Veins
____________ return excess tissue fluid to the blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Does the type of blood being carried matter when determining whether a blood vessel is an artery or a vein?
No
Blood pressure in the veins is ____
low
Blood pressure in the arteries is
hight
Blood flow in the capillaries is
slow
What filters potentially harmful things from the lymph before it is returned to the veins?
lymph nodes
The diameter of an artery is _____ than the combined diameters of the capillaries
smaller
Do lymphatic vessels have valves?
Yes
Blood moves through the veins and lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels when nearby ________ contract and squeeze the vessels
skeletal muscles
Capillaries are the site of what?
Exchange between blood and tissues
Do veins have valves?
Yes
Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels, ultimately becoming what?
Capillaries
Capillaries merge into larger and larger vessels, called what?
veins
Arteries have ____ pressure, muscular walls, can regulate blood flow and ___ have valves
higher, do not
Veins have ____ pressure, no muscle, are passive receivers, and ___ have valves
lower, do
What is the lymphatic system?
a network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins, just before the heart
What does the lymphatic system do?
Recaptures extra fluid from the tissues, filters that fluid to remove anything harmful before it gets returned to the blood
What are lymph nodes?
concentrated areas of white blood cells that filter fluid and destroy anything harmful
What is the fluid inside lymphatic vessels called?
lymph
Blood leaves the heart from _____ and enters the heart at _____
ventricles, atria
The aorta carries oxygen-____ blood _____ the heart, and the 2 vena cavae carry oxygen-_____ blood ______ the heart
oxygen-rich, away from
oxygen-poor, toward
From the right atrium, blood passes immediately to where?
right ventricle
The ______ are the site of exchange between blood and tissue
capillaries
The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-_____ blood _____ the heart, and the pulmonary veins carry oxygen-_____ blood _____ the heart
oxygen-poor, away from
oxygen-rich, toward
Blood that enters the right atrium after touring the entire body is _______
oxygen-poor
The _______ valves separate the ventricles from the arteries
semilunar
What valves separate the atria and ventricles?
atrioventricular valves
Where does gas exchange in the lungs occur?
alveolus
Moving air into and out of the lungs is called what?
ventilation
What circuit sends blood to the lungs?
pulmonary
The ______ zone of the lungs is where gas exchange takes place
respiratory
The first heart sound is the closing of the ________ valves at the _____ of heart contraction
atrioventricular, beginning
From the right ventricle oxygen-______ blood is passed to the _________ and then to the lungs
oxygen-poor, pulmonary arteries
The larynx is part of the _______ zone
conduction
Oxygen-rich blood enters the heart at the ________
left atrium
Blood gases (oxygen and CO2) are:
hydrophobic
The heartbeat begins in tissues in the right atrium called what?
the sinoatrial node
All arthropods (insects) have a what?
open circulatory system
What is the conduction zone?
The part of the respiratory system that is designed for ventilation only, not for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (starts at nose, throat, windpipe, etc)
What is passive diffusion in the respiratory zone?
Oxygen concentration is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, so it moves from alveoli to blood
CO2 concentration is higher in the blood than alveoli, so it moves from blood to alveoli
Where are the alveoli?
lungs
Most of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried as what?
carbonic acid and bicarbonate
If your blood is too acidic, your pH is _____ and you will breathe _____
lower, faster
What is the system that can change pH more quickly than the renal system?
respiratory
The primary muscle of respiration is what?
diaphragm
Breath rate is adjusted by what?
medulla oblongata (in the brain)
Normal blood pH is approximately what?
7.4
When the chest cavity gets smaller, air in the lungs rushes in what direction?
outward
When the diaphragm contracts, it does what?
flattens downward
