Structure and Function Flashcards
Filament
the part of a plant’s reproduction system that holds the anther
Skeletal System
protects organs, supports the body, helps muscles move, and stores minerals like calcium.
Centrioles
During mitosis, these are the parts of the cell that order the spindle and pull the chromosomes apart. Only found in cells from animals.
Assist with cell divisions
Movers
Organ System
A group of various organs combined to perform a function or functions
Organ
A group of various tissue types combined to perform a function
Ex: brain
Cell
smallest unit of all living organisms
Ex: nerve cell
Tissue
a group of similar cells
Ex: nerves
Lipids / Fats
Large fat molecules used for long-term energy storage.
Ex: butter, saturated fat
Nucleus (of the Cell)
organelle that controls cellular function by turning genes in DNA on and off
CEO Office
Sexual Reproduction
using the genetic material from two parents to make a baby
Haploid
a type of cell that has only half of the normal amount of DNA; a gamete or sex cell
Homeostasis
process by which an organism maintains stable internal conditions
Ex: sweating to stay cool
Spore Dispersal
spores are spread by air or water as a form of asexual reproduction.
Ex: mosses
Cell Wall
A strong outer layer that shapes and grows the cell.
Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus
This organelle receives proteins, checks for damage, then “packages” them in vesicles to send to other cells.
Packinging Department
Ovary
the part of a flower that makes ovules
Respiratory System
brings oxygen into the bloodstream and gets rid of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
Amphibians
Cold-blooded animals with smooth, wet skin that have a backbone. Adults live on land, but their eggs are laid in water.
Ex: frog
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are two types of the same organelle. Ribosomes are connected to rough ER, but not to smooth ER.
Assembly Lines
Stomata
During photosynthesis, water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through small holes in the leaves of plants. control how much air and water enters and leaves the leaf cell.
Animal Kingdom
Consumers are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic creatures.
Muscle Cell
Used to move the skeleton, digest food, and pump blood
Chloroplast
organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis happens and where chlorophyll is found.
Differentiation of Cells / Specialization of Cells
specialization; the process of stem cells becoming specialized cells
Metamorphosis
a change from one stage to the next in an organism’s life cycle
Anther
the part of a plant’s reproductive system that holds pollen
Insects
Animals that usually don’t have a backbone, have a hard shell (exoskeleton), three body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), antennae, and three sets of legs.
Mammals
Warm-blooded animals usually have three bones in their ears, hair, and give their young milk.
Stamen
the male sexual part of a plant; includes the anther and filament
Cytoskeleton
Proteins that are like threads give a cell its shape and allow it to move.
Support beams and walkways
Cytoplasm
Plant and animal cells have a clear, jelly-like fluid that is mostly water.
Factory Floor
Coniferous Tree
type of tree that doesn’t lose all of its leaves at a certain time (like winter).
Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
A cell’s soft barrier that holds in the cytoplasm. Proteins in this membrane control how chemicals move into and out of the cell.
Doors and security guards
Reptiles
Cold-blooded animals with dry, scaly skin that have a backbone. Stay on the land.
Ex: snake
Fungi Kingdom
Decomposers are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic creatures that eat dead matter.(decomposers)
Ex: mushrooms
Endocrine System
makes hormones that other parts of the body use to control, respond, or grow.
Bacteria
Microorganisms with only one cell that can be round, spiral, or rod-shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be both good and bad.
Typically encountered by humans
Pistil
The ovary, style, and stigma are all parts of a plant’s female reproductive systems.
Lymphatic System / Immune System
protects the body from sickness and infection and gets rid of water that has built up around the organs.
Microvilli
Small hairs that stick out of intestinal cells to improve surface area for better absorption of nutrients.
Respiration
process in which creatures use food, like sugar, to make energy and waste.
Collagen
Protein cells that give tendons, ligaments, bone, and skin their shape and support
Cardiovascular / Circulatory System
transports material (ex: oxygen) throughout the body
Protists Kingdom
single-celled, but neither an animal nor a plant nor a fungus.
Digestive System
breaks down food through physical and chemical reactions, and then either takes it (in the small intestine) or gets rid of it (in the rectum).
Nerve Cell
Specialized cells that either receive messages or send them
Integumentary System
protects the body from outside substances, maintains its temperature, and excretes water and salt through perspiration.
Complete Metamorphosis
a four-stage cycle where the young look nothing like the adults. has four parts: the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the adult.
Ex: butterflies
Taxonomic Hierarchy
All living creatures can be grouped. Domains come first, followed by species.
Reproductive System
makes gametes (sperm for males and eggs for females) and helps make babies.
Budding / Vegetative Propagation
Asexual development involves branching off from the main organism.
Mitochondria
The organelle that makes ATP from chemical energy. This part of the cell is often called the “powerhouse”
Self-Fertilization
Sexual reproduction uses one plant’s DNA. Plant pollen fertilizes its own egg.
Eukaryotes
any living thing with a type of cell that has a nucleus and parts
Larger than prokaryotic
Plant Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic creatures (producers)
Cross-Pollination
sexual reproduction by pollen from one plant fertilizing the egg of another plant
Metabolism
Convert fuel and food
Ribosome
organelle that makes proteins for the cell
Workers
Nervous System
information, processes it, and then tells the body how to react to it.
Organelle
membrane-bound structures with specific roles. Found in all eukaryotic cells
Little organs
Apical Meristem
the part of a plant with unspecialized cells, usually at the ends of shoots and roots
Transpiration
a type of evaporation in which water leaves the surface of plant leaves as mist.
Non-Vascular Plant
Type of plant that does not have an internal transport system
Stigma
In flowers, the top part of the pistil, where pollen starts to grow.
Archaea / Archaebacteria
Single-celled organisms that sometimes live in places where life wasn’t supposed to be found, like around hot water vents deep in the ocean.
Pollen
male plant gametes
Adipose Tissue
Stores fat to protect and cushion the organs of the body
Ex: fat
Connective Cell
Found throughout the body in the bones, blood, and adipose (fat)
Asexual Reproduction
Only one parent’s genes are used to make a new baby. Mitosis makes offspring that are genetically the same as their parents.
Lysosome
Animal cells have an organelle that has enzymes that break down big molecules. When it dies, it breaks down the cell.
Custodians
Epithelial Cell
Found in intestines, skin and blood vessels
Ex: skin, hair
Prokaryotes
any living thing with cells that doesn’t have a nuclear membrane
Muscular System
moves parts of the body that work with the skeleton (like a leg) or materials (like food through the intestines or blood through the heart).
Ex: bicep muscle
Incomplete Metamorphosis
a three-stage cycle where kids look different from adults, but not as drastically as in total metamorphosis. egg, larva (nymph), and adult;
Carbohydrates
Molecules like sugar (glucose) and starch that are used as a quick source of energy
Proteins
Are amino acids. Different functions like enzymes speed up chemical reactions, but breaking down proteins releases energy
Vesicle
organelle that transport materials throughout the cell.
Utility Carts
Turgor Pressure
The force of water against the vacuole of a plant cell, which gives it a rigid look.
Urinary System / Excretory System
controls the amount of water in the blood and gets rid of waste.
Ex: kidneys
Deciduous Tree
type of tree whose leaves fall off at a certain time or event, like winter.
Ex: oak tree
