Stress and Adaptation Objectives Flashcards
What is a Distress stressor? and an example.
can threaten health
EX. Continual finical worries
What is a Eustress stressor? and an example.
the good stress
EX. a passionate kiss – a passionate kiss can produce as strong a stress response as a slap in the face
What could be some examples of an external stressor?
death in the family
hurricane
room temperature
What could be some examples of internal stressors?
disease
anxiety
Nervous anticipation of an event
Negative self talk
What is a Developmental stressor? and an example.
Associated with the life stages
EX. college graduation
What is a situational stressor? and an example.
Random, unpredictable meaning it can affect and life stage equally
EX. hurricane or accident
What is a time stressor? and an example.
unable to meet demands
EX. Multiple demands, rushing
What is a Anticipatory stressor? and an example.
concern about the future situations but can also be undefined, such as a vague sense of concern about the future or a feeling that something will go wrong.
EX. upcoming exam
What is a Psychological stressor? and an example.
Arise from a life event
EX. work pressure, relationship/family arguments, living situations
What is a Physiological stressor? and an example.
things that affect the body structure or function
EX. Medications, environmental toxins, viruses, genetic problems, obesity, etc
What are the three general approaches for coping
Alter: remove or change the stressor like changing jobs
Adapt: changing one’s thoughts or behaviors related to the stressor.
Avoid: Ignoring the stressor all together (ending a relationship)
What are some personal factors that influence adaptation
Personal perception of stressor Overall health status support system hardiness personal factors
What questions may you need to ask yourself about personal perception of stressor to understand if it is affecting your adaptation?
is understanding the stressor realistic
how successful have previous adaptation attempts been
how could the “overall health status influence adaptation ?
the number of illnesses present and the chronicity of illnesses may affect the ability to adapt to new stressors
How does a “support system” influence adaptation?
strong support = better adaptation
How does hardiness influence adaptation ?
the ability to thrive despite overwhelming stressors
What are some personal factors that influence adaptation?
age
developmental level
life experiences
What is Selyes’s General adaptation syndrome (GAS)?
nonspecific bodily responses shared by all people
response to distress and eustress
What is the first stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) ? and what does it involve for the body?
Alarm reaction (fight or flight) - involves involuntary body responses
In the Alarm reaction stage of General Adaptation Syndrome what is stimulated? and Where does it cause the increase of hormone release ?
Simulation of sympathetic nervous system Increased release from : Hypothalamus posterior pituitary anterior pituitary Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
What is the second stage of General Adaptation Syndrome?
Resistance
What is balanced in the Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome ?
Parasympathetic activity balances sympathetic activity
hormone levels return to normal
What are the two possibilities for the third stage of general adaptation syndrome?
recovery or exhaustion
What is the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
alarm reaction reoccurs or continues until the energy is depleted. The person cannot adapt and subsequently dies.
What is Local adaptation syndrome? (LAS)
response to stress involving specific body part, tissue, or organ
it is a short term attempt to restore homeostasis
What are the two types of Local adaptation syndrome (LAS) ?
Reflex pain response
Inflammatory response
What is the Vascular response of the local adaptation syndrome?
Immediately after injury, blood vessels at the site constrict (narrow) to control bleeding
What is the cellular response of the local adaptation syndrome (LAS)
Specialized white blood cells (phagocytes) migrate to the site of injury and engulf bacteria, other foreign material, and damaged cells and destroy them. Sometimes they form a “wall” around an invading pathogen.
Can include pus
What is the exudate formation of the local adaptation syndrome (LAS)?
The fluid and white blood cells that move from the circulation to the site of injury
What is the “healing” of the local adaptation syndrome (LAS)?
the replacement of tissue by regeneration or repair.
Psychological responses to stress include…
feelings, thoughts and behaviors
These are examples of what?
Difficulty concentrating
Poor judgment
Decrease in accuracy (e.g., in counting money)
Forgetfulness
Decreased problem-solving ability
Decreased attention to detail
Difficulty learning
Narrowing of focus
Preoccupation, daydreaming
cognitive responses to psychological stress
These are examples of what?
Adjustment disorders
Anger
Anxiety
Depression
Fear Feelings of inadequacy
Low self-esteem
Irritability
Lack of motivation
Lethargy
emotional responses to psychological stress
These are examples of what?
Academic difficulties
Aggressiveness
Crying, emotional outbursts
Dependence
Nightmares
Poor job performance
Substance use and abuse
Altered sleeping (too little or too much)
Change in eating habits (e.g., loss of appetite, overeating)
Decrease in quality of job performance
Preoccupation (i.e., daydreaming) I
Illnesses
Increased absenteeism from work or school
Increased number of accidents
Strained family or social relationships
Avoiding social situations or relationships
Rebellion, acting out
responses to psychological stress
What are some nursing interventions for Health promotion?
Nutrition
Exercise (intense activity for at least 150 minutes per week)
Sleep and rest - promote around 7-8 hrs ensure they are free of pain to sleep
Leisure activities - activities that bring joy
Time management - teach the client how to delegate responsibility set boundaries with time and how to say no
Avoid maladaptive behaviors - avoid unhealthy behaviors like excessive caffeine, substance use
These are examples of what?
Exercise
Relaxation
Meditation
Visualization and imagery
Biofeedback
Acupuncture
Chiropractor
Reiki and therapeutic touch
reflexology
humor
music/art activities
dance/sports
journaling
stress management techniques
what is biofeedback `
use electronic instruments to measure neuromuscular and autonomic nervous system activity and provide information about those responses to the person.
The immediate feedback helps the person become aware of and learn how to voluntarily control certain physiological responses, such as those produced by stress.
what is reiki/therapeutic touch ?
These touch therapies are focused on energy modulation. Healing energy is channeled through a practitioner’s hands to improve well-being.
the application of pressure to specific points on the feet, hands, or ears; these points are thought to correspond with certain organs of the body. The goal is to relieve blockage, promote the flow of energy, and reduce tension——- Is what?
Reflexology
What is cognitive restructuring for the nursing intervention changing perception of stressors or self
you help the client recognize their negative focus and to restructure their thinking in a more positive and realistic way
How does “Identifying positive aspects of self and coping abilities help the nursing intervention changing perception of stressors or self
promotes self-esteem and helps clients to recognize and use the resources they have for coping with their stressors.
How does self-affirmation help the nursing intervention changing perception of stressors or self
improves problem-solving under stress
How does positive self talk help the nursing intervention changing perception of stressors or self
another method for increasing self-esteem
What are some nursing interventions you can do for the client to improve and identify support system
You can act as a support system just by listening and encouraging
assist the client in recognizing the support system they do have
possibly encourage community groups
How can you reduce hospital stress
promote patient centered-care
involve family and patients actively in their care (huge in pediatrics and OB)
teach patients what to expect
How can you offer spiritual support ?
church groups
pray for or with the client if you are comfortable doing so
Chaplain service
