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Nursing 101 > Pain Objectives > Flashcards

Pain Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

considered the 5th vital sign

A

Pain

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2
Q

Origin:Arises in skin/Sub-q tissue (paper cut/hot stove)

A

Cutaneous/superficial

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3
Q

Origin:Originates in the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones (fracture/bone cancer)

A

Somatic

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4
Q

Origin:Deep internal pain; often experienced in the abdominal cavity, cranium, or thorax
Not well localized; tight/pressure/crampy
Menstrual/labor pain; GI infections; bowel disorders; organ cancers

A

Visceral

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5
Q

Origin:Starts at the origin but extends to other locations.

Example - sore throat extends to ears/head

A

Radiating

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6
Q

Origin:Occurs in an area that is distant from the original site.
Example -the pain from a heart attack may be experienced down the left arm, through the back, or into the jaw.

A

Referred

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7
Q

Origin:Perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed. Patients with amputated limbs may still perceive that the limb exists and experience burning, itching, and deep pain in that area.

A

Phantom

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8
Q

Origin:Believed to arise from the mind. The patient perceives the pain despite the fact that no physical cause can be identified. Psychogenic pain can be just as severe as pain from a physical cause.

A

Psychogenic

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9
Q

Most common type of pain

A

Nociceptive pain (acute)

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10
Q

Occurs when pain receptors respond to thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli

A

Nociceptive pain

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11
Q

Type of pain that may occur as a result of trauma, surgery, or inflammation.
Often described as “achy” pain

A

Nociceptive pain

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12
Q

a complex and often chronic pain that arises when injury to one or more nerves results in repeated transmission of pain signals even in the absence of painful stimuli.

A

Neuropathic pain (Often chronic)

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13
Q

Short duration/rapid onset (up to 6 months)
Varies in intensity
Protective in nature
Associated with injury/surgery
Generally lessens/disappears with healing
Activates the sympathetic nervous system

A

acute pain

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14
Q

Lasts more than 6 months
Interferes with ADL’s
Periods of remissions/exacerbations
Not protective in nature; may lead to W/D; depression; anger; frustration; dependence

A

Chronic pain

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15
Q

Chronic
Highly resistant to relief
Frustrating to the client
Treat with multiple methods to ensure pain relief

A

Intractable pain

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16
Q

may be described as sharp or dull, aching, throbbing, stabbing, burning, ripping, searing, or tingling.

A

Pain quality

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17
Q

may be referred to as episodic, intermittent, or constant.

A

Pain periodicity

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18
Q

is described with a variety of terms, such as mild, distracting, moderate, severe, or intolerable.

A

Pain intensity

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19
Q

In a process called ________, nociceptors become activated by the perception of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli.

A

transduction

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20
Q

Peripheral nerves carry the pain message to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in a process known as _____

A

transmission

A-delta and C-delta fibers

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21
Q

involves the recognition and interpretation of pain in the frontal cortex

A

Pain Perception

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22
Q

is the duration or intensity of pain that a person can endure. This varies not only from person to person but also for the same person in different situations

A

Pain tolerance

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23
Q

A process called ___________changes the perception of pain by either facilitating or inhibiting pain signals through the endogenous analgesia system and the gate-control mechanism.

A

modulation

24
Q

It is most important for the nurse to understand the various ways in which pain is classified so that he or she can

Document the client’s pain using accurate terms.
Be clear in communication with the physician.
Develop an effective pain management plan.
Educate the client thoroughly.

A

Develop an effective pain management plan

Different modalities are used in the treatment/management of pain and are often based on how the pain is classified (e.g., acute versus chronic).

25
Q

These fibers: are large and fast myelinated and transmit pain that is sharp, fast, well localized, “1st pain”

A

A” delta

26
Q

These fibers: are smaller and unmyelinated and transmit slow, diffuse, aching pain, “2nd pain”

A

C” fibers

27
Q

lowest intensity of a stimulus that is recognized as pain

Varies from client to client

A

Pain threshold

28
Q

The onset of acute pain activates the ________ nervous system

A

sympathetic
this fight-or-flight (stress) response is protective. It minimizes blood loss, maintains perfusion to vital organs, prevents and fights infections, and promotes healing.

29
Q

If the pain continues, the body adapts, and the________ nervous system takes over

A

parasympathetic

30
Q

Unrelieved pain - Effects on endocrine system - triggers_____

Insulin and testosterone _____

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fat breakdown leading to _______

All which can result in :

A

excessive release of hormones

decrease

hyperglycemia

Weight loss, tachycardia, fever, increased respiratory rate

31
Q

Cardiovascular System Unrelieved pain leads to
__________ clotting, also called____________
___________ heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac workload and O2 demand

All of which can lead to: _____

A

increased , hyper coagulation

increased

Chest pain, intracoronary thrombosis, Myocardial Infarction

32
Q

Musculoskeletal system - unrelieved pain effects

A

Fatigue, impaired muscle function, immobility

alters ability to perform ADL’s

33
Q

Respiratory system - unrelieved pain effects:

Breaths become ________

Tidal volume ______

Resulting in:_______

A

shallow

reduced

Pneumonia, retained carbon dioxide (Hypercarbia), respiratory acidosis

34
Q

Unrelieved pain - Genitourinary system : ___________amounts of catecholamines, aldosterone, ADH, cortisol, angiotensin II, and prostaglandins

_________ urinary output, urinary retention, fluid _______, ____kalemia, ______tension, increased cardiac output

A

excessive

decreased

overload

hypo

hyper

35
Q

unrelieved pain - Gastrointestinal system:

Intestinal secretions and smooth muscle tone ______
Gastric emptying, and motility __________

A

increase

decrease

36
Q

The first step in the treatment of pain is an appropriate and thorough

A

pain assessment.

37
Q

The nurse is caring for a client who was involved in a motor vehicle accident. As a result of the accident, the client required multiple surgeries and is currently intubated.

What are the common responses to acute pain - Select all that apply
A Constricted pupils
B Increased heart rate 
C Decreased respiratory rate
D Increased respiratory rate
E Tearful
A

B, D, E
constricted pupils are a sign of deep or prolonged pain not acute. A change in breathing pattern can be seen with prolonged pain, but it is not a typical sign of acute pain. In acute pain, the client is likely to be tearful with tachycardia and tachypnea.

38
Q

When we use pain scales, we are measuring

the_________ of the client’s pain

A

INTENSITY

39
Q

_______vital signs do not mean that the patient is free of pain.

A

normal

40
Q

What is PQRST in pain assessment

A

Precipitating factor: What provokes or causes the pain, makes it worse, or better?

Quality: What it like - sharp? dull? burning? Stabbing? Crushing? Changing?

Radiate: Does pain travel from one area to another?

Severity: Does the patient think the pain is mild, moderate, or severe? (On a scale of 1-10) does it vary – what does the variation depend on?

Timing: Constant or intermittent? Occurred before? Started? Change in severity- get better, then worse? When did it start? How long has it been going on?

41
Q

Non pharmacological pain relief:

_______consists of electrode pads, connecting wire, and the stimulator. The pads are applied directly to the painful area, which is most often muscle and soft tissue. Once activated, the unit stimulates A-delta sensory fibers.

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS)

42
Q

Non pharmacological pain relief:
_______combines a TENS unit with needle probes percutaneously placed (through the skin) to stimulate peripheral sensory nerves.

A

Percutaneous electrical stimulation (PENS)

43
Q

Analgesics are classified into three groups:

A

nonopioids, adjuvants, and opioids.

44
Q

Which analgesic act on peripheral nerve ending at the injury site

A

Nonopioid analgesics include a variety of medications that relieve mild to moderate pain, and chronic and acute pain. Many are available over the counter (e.g., acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen). Most also reduce inflammation and fever.

45
Q

Unlike most nonopioid analgesics, _________ has very little anti-inflammatory effect.

A

acetaminophen

46
Q

this analgesic reduces the amount of opioid the patient requires. They include

A

Adjuvants/Co-analgesics

anticonvulsants, antidepressants, local anesthetics, topical agents, psychostimulants, muscle relaxants, neuroleptics, corticosteroids, and others. It is used:
As a primary therapy for mild pain
In conjunction with opioids, for moderate to severe pain
Especially by patients experiencing significant side effects from increased doses of opioids
To manage neuropathic pain

47
Q

These analgesic are natural and synthetic compounds that relieve pain, although they vary in potency. They act on

A

Opioids –

Act on the CNS

48
Q

Name some opioids

A

Morphine, Codeine, Demerol; also synthetic opioids like Dilaudid)

49
Q

Analgesics work best if given

A

before pain becomes too severe. “Keeping ahead of the pain” helps to maintain pain at an acceptable level allow patients to function optimally.

50
Q

Most common side effects of opioids

A

drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Some, such as drowsiness and nausea, improve after a few doses.

51
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

Narcan also called naloxone

52
Q

What is a PCA

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia

53
Q

Application of extremely fine needles to specific sites in the body to relieve pain is called

A

Acupuncture

54
Q

This type of non pharm pain relief is documented to provide relief from joint pain and dental discomfort. It is also used after surgery and chemotherapy to treat nausea

A

Acupuncture

55
Q

the use of slow, long, guiding strokes, is used for obstetrical patients during labor and as back rubs for postsurgical patients.

A

Effleurage

56
Q

Similar to acupuncture, from which it evolved,_________ stimulates specific sites in the body. However, instead of needles, fingertips provide firm, gentle pressure over the various pressure points.

A

acupressure

Nursing 101 (23 decks)

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