nutrition 2 Flashcards
2 types of phospholipids
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
3 types of lipids
glycerides, sterols and phospholipids
above levels of blood glucose causes what
trigger the release of insulin which cause glucose ot move into body cells and to be stored in the liver and muscles
At room temp fats are ——– and oils are ——
solid and liquid
can lipids be dissolved in water?
no
Cholesterol should be less than
300 mg
Coffee lowers the risk of what
parkinsons disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and dementia
Coffee lowers the risk of what
parkinsons disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and dementia
complex molecules made up of amino acids.
proteins
consist of long chains of saccharides called polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
cooking methods affecting nutritional status
up to half of the water soluble vitamin content is lost in the cooking water of boiled vegetables
Developed to help people improve their nutritional habits but do not specify daily amounts of food and nutrients
Intended as a primary source of health information for educators, policy makers and healthcare providers
Based on scientific evidence
provide information about nutritious diet, maintaining health weight, adequate exercise and food safety
USDA DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS 2015-2020
direct measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) requires what
calorimeter - an insulates unit that measures temerpature changes of water that are produced by a fasting individual at rest
it is not used as often
Factors affecting older adults nutritional status
can lose interest in easting and decreased thirst
chronic disease may require diets in low salt, simple sugars or fat making diets unappealing
taste and smell diminish
limited mobility, vision or hearing
tooth loss
arthritis
Function of CHO’s
Supply energy for muscle and organ function
More easily and quickly digested than protein and lipids
Fuel strenuous/short-term skeletal muscle activity and provide almost all energy for the brain
Spare proteins
Increase satiety
Improve absorption of NA+ and excretion of ca
Enhance insulin excretion
Functions of Protein
Tissue building
Metabolism
Immune system
fluid balance - they attract water
acid/base balance - function as buffers
secondary energy source - when CHO’s are inadequate
greater then ____ BMI is overweight
25
how does body composition effect BMR
lean body tissue has a greater metabolic activity then fat and bone - explains why women who on average have more adipose tissue then men have a lower BMRs
how does body composition effect BMR
lean body tissue has a greater metabolic activity then fat and bone - explains why women who on average have more adipose tissue then men have a lower BMRs
how to calculate BMI
weight in kg divided by (height in meters) squared
less the ___ BMI is underweight
18.5
less the ___ BMI is underweight
18.5
Limit salt to less than
1500mg/day for AA, HTN, diabetes and chronic kidney conditions
lover levels of blood glucose causes what
triggers the release of glucagon leading to the release of glucose from storage
Most important sterol in the body
cholesterol
wax-like substance needed for the formation of cell membranes, vitamin D, estrogen and testosterone.
synthesized in the liver and also found in animal foods
Number of different amino acids that are the building blocks of most of the proteins in the human body
20
oral contraceptives affecting nutritional status
they can lower the serum level of vitamin C and several B vitamins
oral contraceptives affecting nutritional status
they can lower the serum level of vitamin C and several B vitamins
Saturated fats should be less than
10% of total calories
symptoms fo hyperglycemia
rise in blood sugar may produce weakness or fatigue it is a characteristic of diabetes prolonged elevations in weight loss blurred vision ketosis (metabolism of fate) peripheral neuropathy
too few dietary kcal result in
weight loss lack of essential nutrients weakened immunity stunted growth hormonal distribution
too many dietary kcal results in
can cause weight gain and obesity
increased the risk of chronic diseases
Total fat intake should be below
20% to 35% of total calories
Trans-fats should be less than
1% of calories
What are simple carbohydrates
How are they named?
sugars
named according to the number of sugar (saccharide) units making up their chemical structure
Monosaccharides(simple sugars) - single unit
Disaccharides – made up of two saccharides
what are some food examples related to a full liquid diet
soups milk puddings yogurt custards some hot cereals
what are the causes of hypoglycemia
insufficient food intake, excessive physical excretion or disportioncate amount of hypoglycemic agents
what are the causes of hypoglycemia
insufficient food intake, excessive physical excretion or disportioncate amount of hypoglycemic agents
What do fruitarians eat
fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils
What do ovo-lacto vegetarians exclude from their diet
fish
What does % of DV on a food label identify?
the percentage that a serving of the food contributes to a consumer’s daily intake of the nutrient listed
What does a semi-vegetarian consume
they are the most inclusive allowing fish, eggs, dairy, as well as plant based foods
what does kcal mean
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water 1 degree
what is a clear liquid diet
provides fluids to prevent dehydration and supplies some simple carbohydrates to help meet energy needs
what is a food frequency questionnaire
you ask the client to identify a number of times per day,week
what is a food frequency questionnaire
you ask the client to identify a number of times per day, week, month a particular food group is eaten
provides a broadened view of the patients nutritional intake
accuracy is a problem because it relies on recall
what is a food record
a patient keeps a record of measured/weighed amounts of food over a 3-day period
allows the nurse to get the total Kcal and nutrient content
it is the most accurate
what is a full liquid diet
contains all the liquids in the clear liquid dietplus any food that are liquid at room temperature
what is a indirect calculation of BMR (basal metabolic rate)
measuring the oxygen uptake per unit of time - also called the resting energy expenditure
what is a mechanical soft diet
it is the diet of choice for people with chewing difficulties
what is a purred diet
a blended diet
what is an example of clear liquid diet
coffee water tea broth clear juice popsicles carbonated beverages gelatin
what is basal metabolic rate? (BMR)
measure of the energy used while at rest in a neutral temperature environment
the energy required for vital organs
What is blood glucose ?
the amount of fuel available for cellular energy
what is hyperglycemia
blood glucose level greater then 109mg/dL fasting
or greater then 126 mg/dL at random
what is hypoglycemia
limits the fuel supply to the body
blood glucose levels less the 50mg/dl
what is normal BMI
18.5- 24.9
What is the difference in complete and nn complete proteins
complete contains all the essential amnio acids necessary for protein synthesis (animal sources) incomplete does not but you can combine 2 incompletes to make complete
What is the primary energy sources for the body
Carbohydrates (CHO’S)
what is the waist to hip ratio and how do you calculate it
evaluates obesity by assessing abdominal fat
take waist circumference divided by hip circumfrence
women should be below 0.8 and men 0.95
what should be included in a nutritional assessment ?
nutritional history medical history dietary intake anthropometric measurements lab values
What to vegans eat
only food of plant origin
What vitamin is used more by smokers then non smokers and why
vitamin C because it is needed to counteract damage smoking causes to cells - all so linked to iron deficiency
Which amino acid can be synthesized in the body
nonessential amino acid
which amino acid can not be manufactured in the body
Essential amino acids
must be supplied by food or nutritional supplements
Which are macronutrients and what do they supply the body?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
supply the body with energy (kcal).
Which phospholipid is the “good” cholesterol? Why?
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
removes cholesterol from the bloodstream, returning it to the liver, where it is used to produce bile.
High blood levels considered protective against cardiovascular disease.
work environment affecting nutritional status
physically demanding work can cause fatigue and affect quantity and quality of food consumed - time pressure
