Nutrition 3 Flashcards
Describe the effects on nutrition of (1) smoking and (2) heavy alcohol use.
Smoking. Smokers use vitamin C faster than do nonsmokers. If the person cannot quit smoking, a vitamin C supplement may help compensate.
• Alcohol. A 12-oz beer contains 150 kcal; a juice- based cocktail contains about 160 kcal. Such drinks can add many unnecessary calories to
the regular diet. In addition, alcohol significantly decreases the rate of fat metabolism, contribut- ing to obesity. Excessive alcohol use interferes with adequate nutrition by (1) replacing the
food in the person’s diet, (2) depressing the appetite, (3) decreasing the absorption of nutri- ents by its toxic effects on intestinal mucosa,
and (4) impairing the storage of nutrients. People who use alcohol heavily will need multivitamin supplements, especially those rich in B vitamins and folic acid.
diabetic formulas include what
limited carbohydrates
fiber containing formulas consist of what
lots of fiber - used in long term care facilities or patients who require feeding for prolonged time
generally how long can non-sterile feedings hang
4 hours
generally how long can sterile feedings hang
24 hours
how do you check tube placement and why
should be secured
the marking should be in the correct place because if it has been pulled out that could be putting the formula into the patients lungs
how is a small bore inserted
through the naris, nasopharynx, esophagus, and stomach
nurses can insert this
Identify at least four functions of water.
Solvent. Water is the basic solvent for the body’s chemical processes, assisting in the regulation of nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
• Transport. Circulating as blood, water serves a medium for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes.
• Body structure and form. Water “fills in the spaces” in body tissues (e.g., in muscle) providing structure and form to the body.
• Temperature. Water helps maintain body tempera- ture and creates the necessary environment and temperature for cellular metabolism to occur. When body temperature rises, evaporation of sweat helps cool the body.
• Lubricant. Fluid reduces friction between moving surfaces, such as in joints, and in thoracic and abdominal cavities where organs need to move freely.
• Catalyst. Water is a part of many biochemical reactions, such as the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into energy during the digestive process.
Identify five functions of adipose tissue (body fat).
- Energy supply
- Thermal insulation
- Vital organ protection
- Nerve impulse transmission
- Tissue membrane structure
- Cell metabolism
- Essential precursor substance
Imagine that you have just eaten a food consisting of 4 grams of protein, 18 grams of carbohydrate, and
1 gram of fat.
• What would your total kcal intake be?
97 kcal total
4 g protein × 4 kcal/g = 16 kcal
18 g carbohydrate × 4 kcal/g = 72 kcal 1 g fat × 9 kcal/g = 9 kcal
16 + 72 + 9 = 97 kcal
List at least three nutrients that may be more difficult to supply through a vegetarian diet.
vitamin B12, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin D. Vegans must supplement these nutrients and calcium or consume foods fortified with them.
patients with burns, open wounds, or malnutrition need a diet high in what
protein
pulmonary formulas consist of what
high fat so that less Co2 is produced per O2 consumed
usually for patients with lung disease - because they burn so many calories just breathing
renal formulas consist of what
limit potassium, sodium , and nitrogen
risks or complications of enteral feeding
aspiration into the lungs introducing bacteria into the patient with high glucose in the formula diarrhea nausea vomiting abscess formation ARDS metabolic distribution
What are the DRIs?
DRIs are “dietary reference intakes” to promote the consumption of healthful nutrient levels by all Americans.
What are the implications of an increased WHR?
A waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) evaluates obesity by looking at the amount of abdominal fat present.
A high level of abdominal fat is associated
with increased risk for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. A WHR greater than 1.0 in men and greater than 0.8 in women indicates obesity.
What are the most reliable locations for skinfold measurement?
Triceps for children and women • Subscapular area in men
What are the short term feeding tubes
French scale
small bore NG
NE tube
Large bore
What distinguishes a major mineral from a trace mineral?
Major minerals are those needed in amounts of 100 mg or greater per day. Trace minerals are essential, but needed in lower amounts.
what is a closed system feeding
prefilled bags or syringes
decrease the risk for contamination
can safely hang for 24-48 hours
what is a continuous feeding schedule
constant flow of formula over 24 hours
for patients who need intensive nutritional support
better tolerated because of the slow rate
what is a cyclic feeding schedule
administered regularly rather then round the clock
more physiological because we dont normally eat around the clock
what is a gravity feeding schedule
similar to an iv so you must adjust the roller clamp
less precise
increased risk of reflux, diarrhea and aspiration
what is a open system for feeding
open cans of formula into a syringe to inject into a tube or poured into a feeding bag
must clean and flush the system after
cannot hang for more the 4 hours
what is a pump controlled feeding schedule
controlled by a pump
Recommend for jejunal and gastrostomy
decrease reflux and risk for aspiration
what is an intermittent feeding schedule
given to supplement oral intake
given on regular or periodic intervals several times a day over 30 -60 minutes
what is enteral feeding
refers to the delivery of liquid nutrition into the upper intestinal tract via a tube
preferred method of feeding with a patient with a functioning intestinal track they just need additional supplement of nutrients
what is nocturnal feeding schedules
allows clients to eat meals and participate in activities during the day and receive supplements at night
what is parental feeding
delivery of nutrition into a central vein
What is the body’s most usable energy source?
Carbohydrates, especially glucose, provide the most usable energy.
What is the challenge in meeting the nutritional needs of school-age children?
For school-age children, parental control over food intake declines as the child eats lunch at school and advertising influences his food choices. The child may buy junk food with his lunch money. Even if the child brings lunch from home, he may trade his food or not eat lunch at all.
what is the commodity supplement food program
for low income pregnant/breast feeding women, infants, children under 6 and older adults 60 and above
the government buys surplus food to support certain agricultural products
What is the most accurate type of food diary?
The food record is the most accurate food diary. From the detailed information collected, you can analyze the total energy (kcal) and nutrient content for the recorded period.
what is the SNAP
supplemental nutrition assistance program
for low-income households
issues a SNAP card to purchase food
what labs would you run for a patient recieving tube feeding
Blood glucose
BUN
Electrolytes
you should also check bowel sounds
What percentage of your kcal are from carbohy- drates? Protein? Fat?
To calculate these percentages, divide the kcal for each nutrient by the total kcal in the food (97).
• Carbohydrates. 72 divided by 97 = 0.74 = 74% • Protein. 16 divided by 97 = 0.16 = 16%
• Fat.9dividedby97=0.09=9%
what type of patients would a nurse provide nutritional counseling
diabetes bariatric issues oncology healthy eating tube feedings
What types of tubes are placed laproscopically
G-tubes
PEG
J-tubes (jejuneum)
when is a large bore usually changed to a smaller one
2 days because it is less flexible and less comfortable
it is used mostly for lavage
where does the NE tube extend to
the jejunum
it is longer the the NG tube
Which age-group experiences a growth spurt second only to that of infants?
Adolescents
Which nutrient’s primary function is growth and repair of tissue?
The primary function of dietary protein is the growth and repair of body tissues. Secondarily, proteins attract water in the bloodstream and contribute to regulating fluid balance in the body. They function as buffers for regulating acid–base balance. Proteins are a secondary energy source. They are also involved in immune defense.
Which type of vitamin requires daily consumption to maintain appropriate levels?
Water-soluble vitamins require daily intake because they are eliminated in the urine with little storage
in the body.
Why are an infant’s nutritional needs per unit of body weight greater than at any other time?
Infants’ nutritional needs are greatest because the most rapid growth occurs during the first year of life. Birth weight triples during the first year and length increases by 50%.
Why are energy (kcal) requirements less for older adults?
For older adults, lean body mass is lost and appetite, physical activity, and BMR decrease, resulting in slightly reduced energy requirements.
Why is breast milk an ideal food source for infants?
Breast milk is the ideal food for infants because it is matched to their nutritional requirements. Itenhances the maturation of the infant’s immune system and provides passive immunity against a number of infections. Breastfed infants also have a reduced exposure to foreign dietary antigens and are believed to have a reduced risk of subsequent allergies.
Why is it sometimes a challenge to meet the nutri- tional needs of toddlers?
- Toddlers may assert their autonomy by refusing the foods offered.
- Toddlers may take a long time to eat or refuse to eat at all.
- Toddlers are beginning to form attitudes about food.
- Toddlers are mobile and might be distracted dur- ing meal times.
why would a NE tube be used
for patients at risk for aspiration
why would parental feeding be preferred over others
preferred method for feeding patients who cannot be nourished through the GI tract
it is preferred of enternal because they have a lower incidence of sepsis and maintain intentional structure and function
