Nutrition Objectives Flashcards
= weight in kilograms ÷ (height in meters)2
BMI
A prefilled closed-system container can safely hang for
24 to 48 hours if you use sterile technique.
an open-system feeding not hang for more than
4 hours.
are complex molecules made up of amino acids.
Proteins
are liquid at room temperature.
Oils
are organic (carbon-containing) substances that are insoluble in water.
Lipids
are recommended for jejunal feedings and for gastrostomy feedings given by continuous infusion to decrease gastroesophageal reflux
Pump-controlled infusions
are solid at room temperature.
Fats
are the primary energy source for the body.
Carbohydrates (CHOs)
consumed in high amounts (> 2,500 mg/day), increases the risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks, and stroke.
sodium
contain all of the essential amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. These usually come from animal sources.
Complete proteins
contain two or more unfilled spots for hydrogen. At the spot(s) where no hydrogen is attached, the molecule becomes kinked and does not pack together. This is why these fats are liquid at room temperature
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Daily Recommended Intake - Healthy Diet
Carbs
Protein
Lipds
45-65%
10-35%
30-35%
discontinued, it may be done gradually (perhaps over as many as 48 hr).
To prevent a sudden drop in blood sugar.
Parenteral nutrition (PN
do not provide all of the essential amino acids
Incomplete proteins
evaluates obesity by assessing abdominal fat
waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Fat soluble vitamins are:
stored:
not readily ______
in the body - lier and adipose tissue
excreted
Functions of proteins:
Tissue Building Metabolism Immune System Fluid Balance Acid base balance Secondary energy source
help manufacture, repair, and maintain cells.
Micronutrients
Identify at least four functions of water.
Solvent. Water is the basic solvent for the body’s chemical processes.
Transport. As a component of blood, water serves as a medium for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes.
Body structure and form. Water “fills in the spaces” in body tissues (e.g., in blood, lymphatic material, and muscle) and by way of diffusion and osmosis transports ions into and out of cells.
Temperature. Water helps maintain body temperature. When body temperature rises, evaporation of sweat helps cool the body.
Lubricant. Fluid reduces friction between moving surfaces, such as in joints, and in thoracic and abdominal cavities where organs need to move freely.
Catalyst. Water is a part of many biochemical reactions, such as the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into energy during the digestive process.
impaired swallowing, or
dysphagia,
In the United States, _______ deficiency is one of the most common mineral deficiencies
calcium
involves the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller components. This process releases energy.
Catabolism
involves the formation of larger molecules from smaller ones. For example, if protein is needed for tissue repair, amino acids are recombined to form proteins. This process requires energy.
Anabolism
is a measure of the energy used while at rest in a neutral temperature environment—the energy required for vital organs such as the heart, liver, and brain to function.
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
is a prefilled system (bag or a bottle) that functions much like IV fluid. The nurse spikes the container with tubing that is attached to the feeding pump or run through a manually controlled drip chamber.
A closed system
is exposed to the environment. One example is to open cans of formula and use a syringe to inject the formula into the tube; alternatively, you can pour it into a reservoir (a bag).
An open system
is not filled with all the hydrogen it can hold. Therefore, it is lighter and less dense
unsaturated fatty acid
is the delivery of nutrition intravenously into a large, central vein. This is the preferred method of feeding for clients who cannot be nourished through the gastrointestinal tract.
Parenteral nutrition (PN
made up of hydrogen and oxygen and makes up about half of total body weight
water
or underwater weighing, is another method of determining body composition.
Hydrodensitometry
refers to the delivery of liquid nutrition into the upper intestinal tract via a tube
Enteral nutrition (tube feeding
supply the body with energy (kilocalories)
Macronutrients
The energy in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is measured in terms of
calories, or, more precisely, kilocalories (kcal).
The normal BMI for adults ranges from
18.5 to 24.9
The three types of lipids found in foods are
glycerides, sterols, and phospholipids.
Through the process of _________ , the body converts food into complex forms of chemical energy and then into usable energy, which is then carried to individual cells
metabolism
Two types of metabolic reaction
anabolism and catabolism, occur continually and are adjusted according to the needs of the body.
Vit A
Function:
Sources:
Eyes
Cells
Skin/Mucous membranes
skeletal and soft tissues
Liver Butter Egg yolk green leafy milk
Vit D
Function:
Sources:
Calcium levels and rate (deposit and resorption)
Fish
milk
sunlight
Vit E
Function:
Sources:
Antioxidant
Protects RBC’s and muscle tissue cells
Veggie oils nuts milk eggs muscle meats green leafy
Vit K
Function:
Sources:
Clotting factors
bone development
green leafy
liver
What distinguishes a major mineral from a trace mineral?
Major minerals (macrominerals) are minerals that the body needs in amounts of 100 mg/day or greater. Trace minerals are essential, but in a lower concentration.
What Factors Affect Basal Metabolic Rate?
Body composition. Lean body tissue has greater metabolic activity than fat and bones. This explains why women, who have on average more adipose tissue than men, also have lower BMRs.
Growth periods. BMR increases during periods of growth, such as the first 5 years of life, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation.
Body temperature. The BMR increases 7% for each 1°F (0.83°C) rise in body temperature.
Environmental temperature. Cold weather, especially temperatures below freezing, causes a slight rise in the BMR to generate body heat and maintain normal body temperature.
Disease processes. Diseases and injuries involving increased cellular activity result in BMR elevation (e.g., cancer, anemia, cardiac failure, hypertension, asthma, severe burns, traumatic injury).
Prolonged physical exertion. Examples: chopping wood, running.
What is the difference in essential and non essential amino acids
Essential :are significant in our diets because the body cannot manufacture them. They must be supplied by food or nutritional supplements.
Non Essential: can be synthesized in the body, so we do not need to obtain them from food.
Whatever the insertion site, all PN catheters must have
chest x-ray confirmation that the tip is in the lower portion of the superior vena cava adjacent to the right atrium (see Fig. 28-10) before beginning the first infusion.
Which are water soluble vitamins:
B - complex and C
Which type of vitamin:
excess amounts are regularly excreted in the urine. Thus:
Toxicity is rare except in people with renal disease.
The body cannot store these vitamins, so they need to be consumed every day.
Water soluble
______deficiency causes anemia, the most common nutritional problem worldwide
iron
___________deficiency increases the risk of hypertension and coronary artery disease in women.
magnesium
