Nutrition Objectives

Question 1

= weight in kilograms ÷ (height in meters)2

Answer 1

BMI

Question 2

A prefilled closed-system container can safely hang for

Answer 2

24 to 48 hours if you use sterile technique.

Question 3

an open-system feeding not hang for more than

Answer 3

4 hours.

Question 4

are complex molecules made up of amino acids.

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

are liquid at room temperature.

Answer 5

Oils

Question 6

are organic (carbon-containing) substances that are insoluble in water.

Answer 6

Lipids

Question 7

are recommended for jejunal feedings and for gastrostomy feedings given by continuous infusion to decrease gastroesophageal reflux

Answer 7

Pump-controlled infusions

Question 8

are solid at room temperature.

Answer 8

Fats

Question 9

are the primary energy source for the body.

Answer 9

Carbohydrates (CHOs)

Question 10

consumed in high amounts (> 2,500 mg/day), increases the risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks, and stroke.

Answer 10

sodium

Question 11

contain all of the essential amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. These usually come from animal sources.

Answer 11

Complete proteins

Question 12

contain two or more unfilled spots for hydrogen. At the spot(s) where no hydrogen is attached, the molecule becomes kinked and does not pack together. This is why these fats are liquid at room temperature

Answer 12

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 13

Daily Recommended Intake - Healthy Diet
Carbs
Protein
Lipds

Answer 13

45-65%
10-35%
30-35%

Question 14

discontinued, it may be done gradually (perhaps over as many as 48 hr).
To prevent a sudden drop in blood sugar.

Answer 14

Parenteral nutrition (PN

Question 15

do not provide all of the essential amino acids

Answer 15

Incomplete proteins

Question 16

evaluates obesity by assessing abdominal fat

Answer 16

waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

Question 17

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 17

ADEK

Question 18

Fat soluble vitamins are:
stored:
not readily ______

Answer 18

in the body - lier and adipose tissue

excreted

Question 19

Functions of proteins:

Answer 19

Tissue Building
Metabolism
Immune System
Fluid Balance
Acid base balance
Secondary energy source

Question 20

help manufacture, repair, and maintain cells.

Answer 20

Micronutrients

Question 21

Identify at least four functions of water.

Answer 21

Solvent. Water is the basic solvent for the body’s chemical processes.

Transport. As a component of blood, water serves as a medium for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes.

Body structure and form. Water “fills in the spaces” in body tissues (e.g., in blood, lymphatic material, and muscle) and by way of diffusion and osmosis transports ions into and out of cells.

Temperature. Water helps maintain body temperature. When body temperature rises, evaporation of sweat helps cool the body.

Lubricant. Fluid reduces friction between moving surfaces, such as in joints, and in thoracic and abdominal cavities where organs need to move freely.

Catalyst. Water is a part of many biochemical reactions, such as the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into energy during the digestive process.

Question 22

impaired swallowing, or

Answer 22

dysphagia,

Question 23

In the United States, _______ deficiency is one of the most common mineral deficiencies

Answer 23

calcium

Question 24

involves the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller components. This process releases energy.

Answer 24

Catabolism

Question 25

involves the formation of larger molecules from smaller ones. For example, if protein is needed for tissue repair, amino acids are recombined to form proteins. This process requires energy.

Answer 25

Anabolism

Question 26

is a measure of the energy used while at rest in a neutral temperature environment—the energy required for vital organs such as the heart, liver, and brain to function.

Answer 26

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 27

is a prefilled system (bag or a bottle) that functions much like IV fluid. The nurse spikes the container with tubing that is attached to the feeding pump or run through a manually controlled drip chamber.

Answer 27

A closed system

Question 28

is exposed to the environment. One example is to open cans of formula and use a syringe to inject the formula into the tube; alternatively, you can pour it into a reservoir (a bag).

Answer 28

An open system

Question 29

is not filled with all the hydrogen it can hold. Therefore, it is lighter and less dense

Answer 29

unsaturated fatty acid

Question 30

is the delivery of nutrition intravenously into a large, central vein. This is the preferred method of feeding for clients who cannot be nourished through the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 30

Parenteral nutrition (PN

Question 31

made up of hydrogen and oxygen and makes up about half of total body weight

Answer 31

water

Question 32

or underwater weighing, is another method of determining body composition.

Answer 32

Hydrodensitometry

Question 33

refers to the delivery of liquid nutrition into the upper intestinal tract via a tube

Answer 33

Enteral nutrition (tube feeding

Question 34

supply the body with energy (kilocalories)

Answer 34

Macronutrients

Question 35

The energy in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is measured in terms of

Answer 35

calories, or, more precisely, kilocalories (kcal).

Question 36

The normal BMI for adults ranges from

Answer 36

18.5 to 24.9

Question 37

The three types of lipids found in foods are

Answer 37

glycerides, sterols, and phospholipids.

Question 38

Through the process of _________ , the body converts food into complex forms of chemical energy and then into usable energy, which is then carried to individual cells

Answer 38

metabolism

Question 39

Two types of metabolic reaction

Answer 39

anabolism and catabolism, occur continually and are adjusted according to the needs of the body.

Question 40

Vit A Function: Sources:

Answer 40

Eyes Cells Skin/Mucous membranes skeletal and soft tissues ``` Liver Butter Egg yolk green leafy milk ```

Question 41

Vit D Function: Sources:

Answer 41

Calcium levels and rate (deposit and resorption) Fish milk sunlight

Question 42

Vit E Function: Sources:

Answer 42

Antioxidant Protects RBC's and muscle tissue cells ``` Veggie oils nuts milk eggs muscle meats green leafy ```

Question 43

Vit K Function: Sources:

Answer 43

Clotting factors bone development green leafy liver

Question 44

What distinguishes a major mineral from a trace mineral?

Answer 44

``` Major minerals (macrominerals) are minerals that the body needs in amounts of 100 mg/day or greater. Trace minerals are essential, but in a lower concentration. ```

Question 45

What Factors Affect Basal Metabolic Rate?

Answer 45

Body composition. Lean body tissue has greater metabolic activity than fat and bones. This explains why women, who have on average more adipose tissue than men, also have lower BMRs. Growth periods. BMR increases during periods of growth, such as the first 5 years of life, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation. Body temperature. The BMR increases 7% for each 1°F (0.83°C) rise in body temperature. Environmental temperature. Cold weather, especially temperatures below freezing, causes a slight rise in the BMR to generate body heat and maintain normal body temperature. Disease processes. Diseases and injuries involving increased cellular activity result in BMR elevation (e.g., cancer, anemia, cardiac failure, hypertension, asthma, severe burns, traumatic injury). Prolonged physical exertion. Examples: chopping wood, running.

Question 46

What is the difference in essential and non essential amino acids

Answer 46

Essential :are significant in our diets because the body cannot manufacture them. They must be supplied by food or nutritional supplements. Non Essential: can be synthesized in the body, so we do not need to obtain them from food.

Question 47

Whatever the insertion site, all PN catheters must have

Answer 47

chest x-ray confirmation that the tip is in the lower portion of the superior vena cava adjacent to the right atrium (see Fig. 28-10) before beginning the first infusion.

Question 48

Which are water soluble vitamins:

Answer 48

B - complex and C

Question 49

Which type of vitamin: excess amounts are regularly excreted in the urine. Thus: Toxicity is rare except in people with renal disease. The body cannot store these vitamins, so they need to be consumed every day.

Answer 49

Water soluble

Question 50

______deficiency causes anemia, the most common nutritional problem worldwide

Answer 50

iron

Question 51

___________deficiency increases the risk of hypertension and coronary artery disease in women.

Answer 51

magnesium