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Module 7 > Stifle Joint & Thigh Muscles > Flashcards

Stifle Joint & Thigh Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what type of bones are the tibia and fibula

A

long bones

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2
Q

which bone is weight bearing between the tibia and fibula

A

tibia

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3
Q

which bone is much reduced in the dog

A

the fibula

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4
Q

which aspect of the tibia is the fibula on

A

the lateral aspect

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5
Q

what is at the distal end of the tibia and fibula

A
  1. medial malleolus
  2. lateral malleolus
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6
Q

what attaches to the medial malleolus

A

medial collateral ligament of hock

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7
Q

what attaches to the lateral malleolus

A

lateral collateral ligament of hock

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8
Q

what is at the proximal end of the tibia and fibula

A

the tibial plateau/plate

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9
Q

what does the tibial plateau/plate contain

A

medial condyle

lateral condyle

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10
Q

what does the proximal end of the proximal end of tibia and fibula

A

articulate with medial & lateral condyles of femur

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11
Q

what is the intercondyle ridge

A

non-articular rough surface

ligament attachment

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12
Q

what is on the tibial crest

A

tibial tuberosity

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13
Q

what inserts onto the tibial tuberosity

A

patellar ligament

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14
Q

what are the total number of centres of ossification on the tibia

A

proxial end

tibial tuberosity

body

distal end

total = 4

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15
Q

how many centres of ossification are on the fibula

A

3

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16
Q

what is the tibia and fibula like in ruminants and horses

A

incomplete and fused

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17
Q

what is the stifle joint compsed of

A

femur

patella

tibia

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18
Q

what are the articular surfaces of the femur and the tibia

A

lateral & medial femoral condyles

lateral & medial tibial condyles

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19
Q

what are the meniscus/menisci between the femur and tibia

A

C-shaped wedges of cartilage

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20
Q

what are the meniscus/menisci attached to

A

attached to tibial condyles

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21
Q

what are the functions of the meniscus/menisci

A

movement occurs between femoral condyles and mensci

produce congruancy

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22
Q

which side are the meniscus/menisci thicker on

A

the abaxial aspect

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23
Q

what are the non-articular surfaces of the femur-tibia

A

intercondylar fossa

intercondylar eminence

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24
Q

how is the stifle joint stabilized

A

medial & lateral collateral ligaments

cranial & caudal cruciate ligaments

intercondylar eminence and intercondylar fossa

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25
Q

what is the function of the ligaments that stabilize the stifle

A

maintain femur on mensici

resist rotation

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26
Q

what is a cranial cruciate rupture

A

joint instability

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27
Q

what are the components of the femur-patella

A

trochlear groove (femur)

patella (embedded in patellar ligamnet)

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28
Q

how is the femur-patella stifle joint stabilized

A

no lateral movement

  1. medial and lateral trochlear ridges
  2. lateral and medial femoro-patellar ligaments
  3. fascia/retinaculum
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29
Q

what directions does the stifle joint (femur-patella) move

A

proximal and distal glide only

the patella pulled proximally –> prodices stifle extension

patella pulled distally –> allows stifle flexion

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30
Q

what are the sesamoid bones of the stifle joint

A
  1. patella (1) - visible all species (more pointed in cat than dog)
  2. favellae (2) (gastrocnemius muscle, not visible in larger species, medial often not mineralized in cat)
  3. popliteal sesamoid (1) (usually visiable in dog and cat, not visible in larger species)
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31
Q

how many sesamoids are in the dog and cat and larger species

A

dog & cat: 4

larger species: 1

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32
Q

what structures are these

A

lateral and medial sesamoids –> fabellae

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33
Q

what structures are these

A

popliteal sesamoid

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34
Q

what structure is this

A

patella

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35
Q

what are the features of the stife

A

typical synovial joint

extensive joint capsule

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36
Q

what compartments do the stifle oint form

A
  1. femoro-patellar
  2. lateral femoro-tibial
  3. medial femoro-tibial
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37
Q

what is the communication between the compartments of the stifle joint in the dog

A

good

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38
Q

what is the communication between the compartments of the stifle joint in the horse

A

poor/none

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39
Q

what component of the stifle joint is not seen on radiography

A

soft tissue components

retropatellar fat pad (joint effusion)

40
Q

what are the features of the trochlear ridge in horses

A

larger than lateral

tubercle at proximal end

41
Q

what are the articular surfaces on the trochlear groove

A

2 parts

verticle = gliding

horizontal = resting

42
Q

what are the 3 patellar ligaments and where do they insert

A

medial, middle, lateral

all insert at tibial tuberosity

43
Q

what do the patella and medial patellar ligament form

44
Q

what is the patellar locking mechanism

A

patella pulled proximally as stifle extended

patella roated medially

engages horizontal/resting surface –> tubercle of medial trochlear ridge now sits between middle and medial patellar ligaments

locks joint in extension

patella pulled proximally than back to midline to unlock

45
Q

which spinal nerves contribute to the hind limb

A

L5, L6, L7, S1, S2

dorsal branches - dorsal structures

ventral branches - lumbosacral plexus

46
Q

what are the emerging peripheral nerves to hindlimb

A
  1. gluteals
  2. obturator
  3. femoral
  4. sciatic- tibial- fibular/peroneal
47
Q

what are the flexor angles of the hindlimb

A
  1. abduction (not horse) –> dorsal thigh muscles
  2. adduction –> medial thigh muscles
  3. protraction –> hip flexion, cranial thigh muscles
  4. retraction –> hip extension, caudal thigh muscles
48
Q

what are the origins and insertion of gluteal muscles

A

O-sacrum and pelvis

I- greater trochanter of femur

49
Q

what is the function of the gluteal muscles

A

hindlimb abductors - dog

hindlimb retractor/hip extensors - horse

50
Q

how many parts are there of the gluteal muscles

51
Q

what is the nerve supply to the gluteal muscles

A

gluteal nerve

52
Q

what muscle is this

A

gluteal muscle

53
Q

what muscle is this

A

gluteal muscle

54
Q

what muscle is this

A

gluteal muscle

55
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the medial/ventral thigh muscles

A

O- ventral surface pelvis

I- medial aspect limb

56
Q

what are the medial/ventral thigh muscles

A

GAPE muscles

  1. gracilis (I- tibia, I- calcaneus)
  2. adductor
  3. pectineus
  4. external obturator
57
Q

what muscles are these

A
  1. gracilis (blue)
  2. adductor (grey)
  3. pectineus (pink)
58
Q

what are the functions of the medial/ventral thigh muscles

59
Q

what is the nerve supply to the medial/ventral thigh muscles

A

obturator nerve

60
Q

what are the cranial thigh muscles

A

quadriceps muscle

61
Q

what are the quadriceps muscle

A

rectus femoris

vastus lateralis

vastus medialis

vastus intermedius

62
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the quadriceps muscles

A

rectus femoris: O- ilium

vastus lateralis: O- lateral femur

vastus medialis: O- medial femur

vastus intermedius: O- cranial femur

I- tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament)

63
Q

what are the functions of the cranial thigh muscles

A

stifle extensor

(hip flexor/limb protractor)

64
Q

what is the nerve supply of the quadriceps

A

femoral nerve

65
Q

what is this muscle

A

quadriceps muscle

66
Q

what is this muscle

A

quadriceps muscle

67
Q

what is the origin and insertions of the sartorius muscles

A

O- ilium

I- femur

I- tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament)

68
Q

what is the function of the sartorius muscle

A

stifle extensor

hip flexor/limb protractor

69
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the iliopsoas muscle

A

O- lumbar vertebrae & ilium

I- medial proximal femur

70
Q

what is the function of the iliopsoas muscle

A

hip flexor/limb protractor

71
Q

what muscle is this

A

sartorius muscle

72
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris muscle

A

O- tuber ischium

I- fascia latae

I- calcaneus (tarsus) via common calcanean tendon

73
Q

what is the function is the biceps femoris muscle

A

hip extensor/hindlimb retractor

stifle flexor

hock extensor

74
Q

what is the nerve supply of biceps femoris

A

sciatic nerve

75
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus muscle

A

O- tuber ischium

I- tibia

I- calcaneus (tarsus) via common calcanean tendon

76
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus muscle

A

O- tuber ischium

I- femur and tibia

77
Q

what is the function of the semimembranosus muscle

A

hip extensor/hindlimb retractor

stifle flexor

(hock extensor)

78
Q

what is the nerve supply of the semimembranosus muscle

A

sciatic nerve

79
Q

what muscle is this

A

semitendinosus

80
Q

what muscle is this

A

biceps femoris

81
Q

what muscle is this

A

semimebranosus

82
Q

what are the dorsal thigh muscle functions, muscles, and nerve supply

A

abduction in dog

hip extension/limb retraction in horse

gluteal muscles

gluteal nerve

83
Q

what are the medial/ventral thigh muscles function, muscle, nerve supply

A
  1. adduction
  2. gracilis, adductor, pectineus, external obturator
  3. obturator nerve
84
Q

what are the functions of the cranial thigh muscles

A
  1. hip flexion/limb protraction, stifle extension
  2. quadriceps muscle, sartorius, iliopsoas muscle
  3. femoral nerve
85
Q

what are the functions of the caudal thigh muscles, muscles, nerve supply

A
  1. hip extension/limb retraction, stifle flexion, hock extension
  2. biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
  3. sciatic nerve
86
Q

what are the differences between the thigh muscles in the horse and the ruminants (4)

A
  1. gluteal muscles of horse are well developed
  2. ruminants - angular while horse is rounded rump
  3. caudal thigh muscles –> biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus (O- tuber ischium and extra O - lumbosacral fascia)
  4. very powerful limb retraction/hip extension
88
Q

summarize the femur-tibia components of the stifle joint

A

medial and lateral menisci

collateral ligaments

cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments

89
Q

summarize the femur-patella components of the stifle joint

A

medial and lateral trochlear ridges

medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments

retinaculum

patella and patellar ligament are palpable

90
Q

identify the deep thigh muscles

91
Q

identify the thigh muscles

92
Q

identify the thigh muscles

93
Q

identify the thigh muscles

94
Q

identify the thigh muscles

95
Q

identify the thigh muscles

Module 7 (50 decks)

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