Stifle Joint & Thigh Muscles Flashcards
1
Q
what type of bones are the tibia and fibula
A
long bones
2
Q
which bone is weight bearing between the tibia and fibula
A
tibia
3
Q
which bone is much reduced in the dog
A
the fibula
4
Q
which aspect of the tibia is the fibula on
A
the lateral aspect
5
Q
what is at the distal end of the tibia and fibula
A
- medial malleolus
- lateral malleolus
6
Q
what attaches to the medial malleolus
A
medial collateral ligament of hock
7
Q
what attaches to the lateral malleolus
A
lateral collateral ligament of hock
8
Q
what is at the proximal end of the tibia and fibula
A
the tibial plateau/plate
9
Q
what does the tibial plateau/plate contain
A
medial condyle
lateral condyle
10
Q
what does the proximal end of the proximal end of tibia and fibula
A
articulate with medial & lateral condyles of femur
11
Q
what is the intercondyle ridge
A
non-articular rough surface
ligament attachment
12
Q
what is on the tibial crest
A
tibial tuberosity
13
Q
what inserts onto the tibial tuberosity
A
patellar ligament
14
Q
what are the total number of centres of ossification on the tibia
A
proxial end
tibial tuberosity
body
distal end
total = 4
15
Q
how many centres of ossification are on the fibula
A
3
16
Q
what is the tibia and fibula like in ruminants and horses
A
incomplete and fused
17
Q
what is the stifle joint compsed of
A
femur
patella
tibia
18
Q
what are the articular surfaces of the femur and the tibia
A
lateral & medial femoral condyles
lateral & medial tibial condyles
19
Q
what are the meniscus/menisci between the femur and tibia
A
C-shaped wedges of cartilage
20
Q
what are the meniscus/menisci attached to
A
attached to tibial condyles
21
Q
what are the functions of the meniscus/menisci
A
movement occurs between femoral condyles and mensci
produce congruancy
22
Q
which side are the meniscus/menisci thicker on
A
the abaxial aspect
23
Q
what are the non-articular surfaces of the femur-tibia
A
intercondylar fossa
intercondylar eminence
24
Q
how is the stifle joint stabilized
A
medial & lateral collateral ligaments
cranial & caudal cruciate ligaments
intercondylar eminence and intercondylar fossa
25
what is the function of the ligaments that stabilize the stifle
maintain femur on mensici
resist rotation
26
what is a cranial cruciate rupture
joint instability
27
what are the components of the femur-patella
trochlear groove (femur)
patella (embedded in patellar ligamnet)
28
how is the femur-patella stifle joint stabilized
no lateral movement
1. medial and lateral trochlear ridges
2. lateral and medial femoro-patellar ligaments
3. fascia/retinaculum
29
what directions does the stifle joint (femur-patella) move
proximal and distal glide only
the patella pulled proximally --\> prodices stifle extension
patella pulled distally --\> allows stifle flexion
30
what are the sesamoid bones of the stifle joint
1. patella (1) - visible all species (more pointed in cat than dog)
2. favellae (2) (gastrocnemius muscle, not visible in larger species, medial often not mineralized in cat)
3. popliteal sesamoid (1) (usually visiable in dog and cat, not visible in larger species)
31
how many sesamoids are in the dog and cat and larger species
dog & cat: 4
larger species: 1
32
what structures are these
lateral and medial sesamoids --\> fabellae
33
what structures are these
popliteal sesamoid
34
what structure is this
patella
35
what are the features of the stife
typical synovial joint
extensive joint capsule
36
what compartments do the stifle oint form
1. femoro-patellar
2. lateral femoro-tibial
3. medial femoro-tibial
37
what is the communication between the compartments of the stifle joint in the dog
good
38
what is the communication between the compartments of the stifle joint in the horse
poor/none
39
what component of the stifle joint is not seen on radiography
soft tissue components
retropatellar fat pad (joint effusion)
40
what are the features of the trochlear ridge in horses
larger than lateral
tubercle at proximal end
41
what are the articular surfaces on the trochlear groove
2 parts
verticle = gliding
horizontal = resting
42
what are the 3 patellar ligaments and where do they insert
medial, middle, lateral
all insert at tibial tuberosity
43
what do the patella and medial patellar ligament form
a hook
44
what is the patellar locking mechanism
patella pulled proximally as stifle extended
patella roated medially
engages horizontal/resting surface --\> tubercle of medial trochlear ridge now sits between middle and medial patellar ligaments
locks joint in extension
patella pulled proximally than back to midline to unlock
45
which spinal nerves contribute to the hind limb
L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
dorsal branches - dorsal structures
ventral branches - lumbosacral plexus
46
what are the emerging peripheral nerves to hindlimb
1. gluteals
2. obturator
3. femoral
4. sciatic- tibial- fibular/peroneal
47
what are the flexor angles of the hindlimb
1. abduction (not horse) --\> dorsal thigh muscles
2. adduction --\> medial thigh muscles
3. protraction --\> hip flexion, cranial thigh muscles
4. retraction --\> hip extension, caudal thigh muscles
48
what are the origins and insertion of gluteal muscles
O-sacrum and pelvis
I- greater trochanter of femur
49
what is the function of the gluteal muscles
hindlimb abductors - dog
hindlimb retractor/hip extensors - horse
50
how many parts are there of the gluteal muscles
3 parts
51
what is the nerve supply to the gluteal muscles
gluteal nerve
52
what muscle is this
gluteal muscle
53
what muscle is this
gluteal muscle
54
what muscle is this
gluteal muscle
55
what are the origins and insertions of the medial/ventral thigh muscles
O- ventral surface pelvis
I- medial aspect limb
56
what are the medial/ventral thigh muscles
GAPE muscles
1. gracilis (I- tibia, I- calcaneus)
2. adductor
3. pectineus
4. external obturator
57
what muscles are these
1. gracilis (blue)
2. adductor (grey)
3. pectineus (pink)
58
what are the functions of the medial/ventral thigh muscles
adductors
59
what is the nerve supply to the medial/ventral thigh muscles
obturator nerve
60
what are the cranial thigh muscles
quadriceps muscle
61
what are the quadriceps muscle
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
62
what are the origins and insertions of the quadriceps muscles
rectus femoris: O- ilium
vastus lateralis: O- lateral femur
vastus medialis: O- medial femur
vastus intermedius: O- cranial femur
I- tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament)
63
what are the functions of the cranial thigh muscles
stifle extensor
| (hip flexor/limb protractor)
64
what is the nerve supply of the quadriceps
femoral nerve
65
what is this muscle
quadriceps muscle
66
what is this muscle
quadriceps muscle
67
what is the origin and insertions of the sartorius muscles
O- ilium
I- femur
I- tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament)
68
what is the function of the sartorius muscle
stifle extensor
hip flexor/limb protractor
69
what is the origin and insertion of the iliopsoas muscle
O- lumbar vertebrae & ilium
I- medial proximal femur
70
what is the function of the iliopsoas muscle
hip flexor/limb protractor
71
what muscle is this
sartorius muscle
72
what is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris muscle
O- tuber ischium
I- fascia latae
I- calcaneus (tarsus) via common calcanean tendon
73
what is the function is the biceps femoris muscle
hip extensor/hindlimb retractor
stifle flexor
hock extensor
74
what is the nerve supply of biceps femoris
sciatic nerve
75
what is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus muscle
O- tuber ischium
I- tibia
I- calcaneus (tarsus) via common calcanean tendon
76
what is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus muscle
O- tuber ischium
I- femur and tibia
77
what is the function of the semimembranosus muscle
hip extensor/hindlimb retractor
stifle flexor
(hock extensor)
78
what is the nerve supply of the semimembranosus muscle
sciatic nerve
79
what muscle is this
semitendinosus
80
what muscle is this
biceps femoris
81
what muscle is this
semimebranosus
82
what are the dorsal thigh muscle functions, muscles, and nerve supply
abduction in dog
hip extension/limb retraction in horse
gluteal muscles
gluteal nerve
83
what are the medial/ventral thigh muscles function, muscle, nerve supply
1. adduction
2. gracilis, adductor, pectineus, external obturator
3. obturator nerve
84
what are the functions of the cranial thigh muscles
1. hip flexion/limb protraction, stifle extension
2. quadriceps muscle, sartorius, iliopsoas muscle
3. femoral nerve
85
what are the functions of the caudal thigh muscles, muscles, nerve supply
1. hip extension/limb retraction, stifle flexion, hock extension
2. biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
3. sciatic nerve
86
what are the differences between the thigh muscles in the horse and the ruminants (4)
1. gluteal muscles of horse are well developed
2. ruminants - angular while horse is rounded rump
3. caudal thigh muscles --\> biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus (O- tuber ischium and extra O - lumbosacral fascia)
4. very powerful limb retraction/hip extension
87
88
summarize the femur-tibia components of the stifle joint
medial and lateral menisci
collateral ligaments
cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments
89
summarize the femur-patella components of the stifle joint
medial and lateral trochlear ridges
medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments
retinaculum
patella and patellar ligament are palpable
90
identify the deep thigh muscles
91
identify the thigh muscles
92
identify the thigh muscles
93
identify the thigh muscles
94
identify the thigh muscles
95
identify the thigh muscles
