Pelvis, Femur and Hip Joint

Question 1

what is the function of the forelimbs and hindlimbs in the horse

Answer 1

forelimbs - bear most weight

hindlimbs - propulsion

Question 2

which joint in the hindlimb is fused

Answer 2

sacro-iliac –> allows transfer of forces from hindlimb to vertebral column

Question 3

which joint is a pivotal point

Answer 3

hip joint

movement of hindlimb relative to trunk determined by hip joint

Question 4

where is the pelvis

Answer 4

gluteal region

Question 5

what type of bone is the pelvis

Answer 5

flat bone/irregular

Question 6

what are the components of pelvis

Answer 6

1. illium (most cranial)
2. ischium (most caudal)
3. pubis (most ventral)
4. acetabular bone (where the other 3 bones meet)

Question 7

what is the pelvic symphysis

Answer 7

bilaterally symmetrical –> formation of cartilage allows flexibility

Question 8

what is the ilium

Answer 8

wing & body

palpable

Question 9

where is the ilium located in the dog and cat

Answer 9

wing vertically orientated

Question 10

where is the ilium located in horses and ruminants

Answer 10

wing horizontally orientated

Question 11

what are the projections of the ilium in horses and ruminants

Answer 11

1. tuber sacrale = medial projection
2. tuber coxae = lateral projection

Question 12

where is the ischium

Answer 12

caudal aspect of pelvic floor

Question 13

what is the obturator foramen

Answer 13

opening for passage of obturator nerve and blood vessels –> function in hindlimb

Question 14

what is the ischiatic arch

Answer 14

muscle attachment for reproductive organs

Question 15

what is the tuber ischium/ischiatic tuberosity

Answer 15

palpable in all species

trifid in cow

Question 16

what structures are these

Answer 16

* tuber sacrale = medial projection

+ tuber coxae = lateral projection

Question 17

what are these structures

Answer 17

tuber ischium/ischiatic tuberosity

Question 18

what structures are these

Answer 18

* obturator foramen

+ tuber ischium/ischiatic tuberosity

Question 19

what is the pubis

Answer 19

cranial aspect pelvic floor

Question 20

where does the pre-pubic tendon

Answer 20

attachment for rectus abdominis muscle

dotted line

Question 21

what is the acetabulum

Answer 21

boundary of other bones

cup shaped

Question 22

what is the lunate surface

Answer 22

crescent shaped

artibular surface for hip joint (head of femur)

Question 23

what is the acetabulum covered in

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage

Question 24

what is the acetabular notch and what is it filled by

Answer 24

ventral deficit

filled by the transverse ligament

Question 25

what is the acetabular fossa

Answer 25

central non-articular area --\> rough bone attachment of ligament of head of femur/round/teres ligament

Question 26

what are these structures

Answer 26

a: lunate surface arrow: acetabular notch \*: attachment of ligament of head of femur/round/teres ligament

Question 27

what are the centres of ossification of the pelvis

Answer 27

main centres: illium/ischium/pubis/acetabular bone

Question 28

what are the secondary centres of ossification

Answer 28

dorsal wing of ilium tuber ischium ishiatic arch

Question 29

what occurs at birth with pelvis

Answer 29

acetabular bone fuses before born fuses together to form 2 halves pelvic symphysis fuses last

Question 30

what is the sacro-iliac joint

Answer 30

sacrum (S1) - wing of ilium fibrous joint = fused

Question 31

what is the function of the sacro-iliac joint

Answer 31

transmits forces from hindlimb during locomotion

Question 32

how many fused sacral vertebrae are on the dog sarcum and the horse sacrum

Answer 32

3 fused sacral vertebrae 5 fused vertebrae

Question 33

what is the sacrotuberous ligament in large species

Answer 33

broad fibrous sheet attaches to scarum, ilium and ischium

Question 34

what is the sacrotuberous ligament in dogs

Answer 34

caudal edge remains as fibrous band provides anchorage for sutures during muscle repair surgery

Question 35

where is the femur

Answer 35

thigh

Question 36

what type of bone is the femur

Answer 36

long bone straight

Question 37

what is the shape of the femur

Answer 37

almost spherical

Question 38

what does the head of the femur articulate with

Answer 38

hip joint

Question 39

what does the smooth surface of the head of the femur contain

Answer 39

hyaline cartilage

Question 40

what is the fovea

Answer 40

depression of rough bone attachment ligament of head of femur (round/teres ligament)

Question 41

what does the neck of the femur form

Answer 41

forms angle between head and body --\> head sticks out in medial direction

Question 42

what is the greater trochanter

Answer 42

lateral massive in larger species palpable feature for locating hip joint

Question 43

what are these structures

Answer 43

\*neck of femur +greater trochaner arrow: head

Question 44

what is on the caudal aspect of the femur

Answer 44

medial condyle lateral condyle intercondylar fosa

Question 45

what are the condyles of the femur

Answer 45

covered with smooth bone and cartilage articulate with tibia = stifle joint

Question 46

what is the intercondylar fossa

Answer 46

rough bone non articular attachment of ligaments

Question 47

what are these structures

Answer 47

c: medial condyle c: lateral condyle f: intercondyle fossa

Question 48

what is on the cranial aspect of the femur

Answer 48

medial trochlear ridge lateral trochlear ridge trochlear groove

Question 49

what structures are these

Answer 49

r: medial trochlear ridge r: lateral trochlear ridge g: trochlear groove

Question 50

what is the trochlear groove

Answer 50

smooth surface hyaline cartilage articulates with patella

Question 51

what are the centres of ossification of the femur

Answer 51

head greater trochanter body distal epiphysis total number = 4

Question 52

what type of joint is the hip joint

Answer 52

ball and socket

Question 53

what are the components of the hip joint

Answer 53

head of femur acetabulum of pelvis (lunate surface, extended by labrum)

Question 54

what does the hip joint not have

Answer 54

no collateral ligaments --\> doesn't restric movement

Question 55

how is the hip joint stabilized

Answer 55

1. ligament of head of femur/teres ligament/round ligament 2. surrounding muscle mass

Question 56

what type of movement does the hip joint allow in dogs

Answer 56

large range of movement pivotal point: hip flexion = limb protraction hip extension = limb retraction abduction adduction

Question 57

what hip movement is allowed in horses

Answer 57

limited restriction to flexion and extension no abduction

Question 58

why is the hip restricted to limited movement

Answer 58

extensive surrounding muscle mass ligament of head of femur --\> accessory ligament continuation of prepubic tendon

Question 59

what are the best views of the hip joint on radiograph

Answer 59

lateral view - superimposition ventro-dorsal view --\> bones symmetrical = straight

Question 60

what are the borders of the hip joint

Answer 60

1. dorsal 2. ventral 3. cranial acetabular edge/rim 4. caudal acetabular edge/rim \*location of dorsal border relative to head of femur

Question 61

what are the palpable features of the hip joint

Answer 61

3 palpable structures from triange should be bilaterally symmetrical

Question 62

what are the clinical considerations of the hip joint

Answer 62

1. luxation/dislocation --\> usually traumatic 2. subluxation/loose hips --\> hip dysplasia in young dogs (causes abnormal wear to head of femur) 3. degenerative joint disease --\> older animals (cranial + caudal edges of acetabulum, neck of femus)

Question 63

what pathology is occuring here

Answer 63

luxation/dislocation

Question 64

what pathology is occuring here

Answer 64

subluxation/loose hips

Question 65

what pathology is happening

Answer 65

degenerative joint disease

Question 66

what is the blood supply to the hip joint

Answer 66

joint capsule attached round neck --\> vessels run from neck - head vulnerable to damage

Question 67

what is the clinical significance of the blood supply to the hip joint

Answer 67

femoral neck fracture femoral head physeal separation avascular necrosis

Question 68

identify the components of the ruminant pelvis (lateral view)

Answer 68

Question 69

identify the components of the ruminant pelvis (medial view)

Answer 69

Question 70

identify the pelvic structures in the ruminant

Answer 70

Question 71

identify the dog pelvic bone and hip bone structures

Answer 71

Question 72

identify the components of the femur

Answer 72

Question 73

identify the components of the hip bone

Answer 73

Question 74

identify the structures of the hip bones

Answer 74

Question 75

identify the structures of the pelvis

Answer 75