Pelvis, Femur and Hip Joint Flashcards
what is the function of the forelimbs and hindlimbs in the horse
forelimbs - bear most weight
hindlimbs - propulsion
which joint in the hindlimb is fused
sacro-iliac –> allows transfer of forces from hindlimb to vertebral column
which joint is a pivotal point
hip joint
movement of hindlimb relative to trunk determined by hip joint
where is the pelvis
gluteal region
what type of bone is the pelvis
flat bone/irregular
what are the components of pelvis
- illium (most cranial)
- ischium (most caudal)
- pubis (most ventral)
- acetabular bone (where the other 3 bones meet)
what is the pelvic symphysis
bilaterally symmetrical –> formation of cartilage allows flexibility
what is the ilium
wing & body
palpable
where is the ilium located in the dog and cat
wing vertically orientated
where is the ilium located in horses and ruminants
wing horizontally orientated
what are the projections of the ilium in horses and ruminants
- tuber sacrale = medial projection
- tuber coxae = lateral projection
where is the ischium
caudal aspect of pelvic floor
what is the obturator foramen
opening for passage of obturator nerve and blood vessels –> function in hindlimb
what is the ischiatic arch
muscle attachment for reproductive organs
what is the tuber ischium/ischiatic tuberosity
palpable in all species
trifid in cow
what structures are these
* tuber sacrale = medial projection
+ tuber coxae = lateral projection
what are these structures
tuber ischium/ischiatic tuberosity
what structures are these
* obturator foramen
+ tuber ischium/ischiatic tuberosity
what is the pubis
cranial aspect pelvic floor
where does the pre-pubic tendon
attachment for rectus abdominis muscle
dotted line
what is the acetabulum
boundary of other bones
cup shaped
what is the lunate surface
crescent shaped
artibular surface for hip joint (head of femur)
what is the acetabulum covered in
hyaline cartilage
what is the acetabular notch and what is it filled by
ventral deficit
filled by the transverse ligament
what is the acetabular fossa
central non-articular area –> rough bone
attachment of ligament of head of femur/round/teres ligament
what are these structures
a: lunate surface
arrow: acetabular notch
*: attachment of ligament of head of femur/round/teres ligament
what are the centres of ossification of the pelvis
main centres: illium/ischium/pubis/acetabular bone
what are the secondary centres of ossification
dorsal wing of ilium
tuber ischium
ishiatic arch
what occurs at birth with pelvis
acetabular bone fuses before born
fuses together to form 2 halves
pelvic symphysis fuses last
what is the sacro-iliac joint
sacrum (S1) - wing of ilium
fibrous joint = fused
what is the function of the sacro-iliac joint
transmits forces from hindlimb during locomotion
how many fused sacral vertebrae are on the dog sarcum and the horse sacrum
3 fused sacral vertebrae
5 fused vertebrae
what is the sacrotuberous ligament in large species
broad fibrous sheet
attaches to scarum, ilium and ischium
what is the sacrotuberous ligament in dogs
caudal edge remains as fibrous band
provides anchorage for sutures during muscle repair surgery
where is the femur
thigh
what type of bone is the femur
long bone
straight
what is the shape of the femur
almost spherical
what does the head of the femur articulate with
hip joint
what does the smooth surface of the head of the femur contain
hyaline cartilage
what is the fovea
depression of rough bone
attachment ligament of head of femur (round/teres ligament)
what does the neck of the femur form
forms angle between head and body –> head sticks out in medial direction
what is the greater trochanter
lateral
massive in larger species
palpable feature for locating hip joint
what are these structures
*neck of femur
+greater trochaner
arrow: head
what is on the caudal aspect of the femur
medial condyle
lateral condyle
intercondylar fosa
what are the condyles of the femur
covered with smooth bone and cartilage
articulate with tibia = stifle joint
what is the intercondylar fossa
rough bone
non articular
attachment of ligaments
what are these structures
c: medial condyle
c: lateral condyle
f: intercondyle fossa
what is on the cranial aspect of the femur
medial trochlear ridge
lateral trochlear ridge
trochlear groove
what structures are these
r: medial trochlear ridge
r: lateral trochlear ridge
g: trochlear groove
what is the trochlear groove
smooth surface
hyaline cartilage
articulates with patella
what are the centres of ossification of the femur
head
greater trochanter
body
distal epiphysis
total number = 4
what type of joint is the hip joint
ball and socket
what are the components of the hip joint
head of femur
acetabulum of pelvis (lunate surface, extended by labrum)
what does the hip joint not have
no collateral ligaments –> doesn’t restric movement
how is the hip joint stabilized
- ligament of head of femur/teres ligament/round ligament
- surrounding muscle mass
what type of movement does the hip joint allow in dogs
large range of movement
pivotal point:
hip flexion = limb protraction
hip extension = limb retraction
abduction
adduction
what hip movement is allowed in horses
limited
restriction to flexion and extension
no abduction
why is the hip restricted to limited movement
extensive surrounding muscle mass
ligament of head of femur –> accessory ligament
continuation of prepubic tendon
what are the best views of the hip joint on radiograph
lateral view - superimposition
ventro-dorsal view –> bones symmetrical = straight
what are the borders of the hip joint
- dorsal
- ventral
- cranial acetabular edge/rim
- caudal acetabular edge/rim
*location of dorsal border relative to head of femur
what are the palpable features of the hip joint
3 palpable structures from triange
should be bilaterally symmetrical
what are the clinical considerations of the hip joint
- luxation/dislocation –> usually traumatic
- subluxation/loose hips –> hip dysplasia in young dogs (causes abnormal wear to head of femur)
- degenerative joint disease –> older animals (cranial + caudal edges of acetabulum, neck of femus)
what pathology is occuring here
luxation/dislocation
what pathology is occuring here
subluxation/loose hips
what pathology is happening
degenerative joint disease
what is the blood supply to the hip joint
joint capsule attached round neck –> vessels run from neck - head
vulnerable to damage
what is the clinical significance of the blood supply to the hip joint
femoral neck fracture
femoral head physeal separation
avascular necrosis
identify the components of the ruminant pelvis (lateral view)
identify the components of the ruminant pelvis (medial view)
identify the pelvic structures in the ruminant
identify the dog pelvic bone and hip bone structures
identify the components of the femur
identify the components of the hip bone
identify the structures of the hip bones
identify the structures of the pelvis
