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Module 7 > Bones of the Proximal Forelimb & Shoulder Joint > Flashcards

Bones of the Proximal Forelimb & Shoulder Joint Flashcards

1
Q

what is the orientation of the scapula in man and primates

A

horizontal orientation

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2
Q

what is the orientation of the scapula in domestic animals

A

vertical orientation –> shoulder joint relatively lower in limb, increases limb length

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3
Q

do domestical animals have a clavicle

A

absent, muscular attachment between forelimb & trunk

allows scapular glide & rotation about pivota point

produces increased stride length

restricted lateral movement (abduction/adduction)

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4
Q

what type of bone is the scapula

A

flat bone

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5
Q

what surfaces of the scapula are palpable

A
  1. dorsal border - palpable
  2. cranial border - palpable
  3. caudal border - not palpable (beneath muscle)
  4. scapular spine - palpable (supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa)
  5. acromion process - palpable (locate shoulder joint)
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6
Q

what is present on the ventral surface of the scapule

A
  1. glenoid cavity
  2. supraglenoid tubercle
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7
Q

what is the glenoid cavity

A

concave

smooth subchondral/articular surface for shoulder joint

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8
Q

what is the supraglenoid tubercle

A

attachment of biceps brachii muscle

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9
Q

what are the structures of the scapula

A
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10
Q

what are the medial/costal surface

A

flat & featureless –> scapular glide

rough bone - muscle attachment

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11
Q

how many centres of ossification does the scapula develop from

A

2 centres

body

supraglenoid tubercle

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12
Q

what are the features of cat scapula

A

more rounded cranial angle than dog

suprahamate process –> proximal to acromion process

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13
Q

what are the features of the scapula in larger species

A

tuber on spine

cartilage extension to dorsal border

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14
Q

what region is the humerus located in

A

brachium

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15
Q

what type of bone is the humerus

A

long bone

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16
Q

what is the shape of the humerus

A

S-shaped

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17
Q

what is on the proximal end of the humerus

A
  1. head
  2. greater tubercle
  3. lesser tubercle
  4. intertubercular groove
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18
Q

what is the shape of the humerus

A

convex

smooth articular surface for shoulder joint

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19
Q

is the greater tubercle palpable and what is this landmark used for

A

palpable (lateral)

location of shoulder joint

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20
Q

what passes through the intertubercular groove

A

biceps tendon

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21
Q

where is the lesser tubercle

A

medial

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22
Q

what are the structures of the humerus head

A
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23
Q

what is the shaft of the humerus

A

body

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24
Q

–what are the structures of the distal end

A
  1. condyle
  2. medial epicondyle - palpable
  3. lateral epicondyle - palpable
  4. trochlea (central depression, smooth articular surface for elbow joint)
  5. ulnar/olecranon fossa
  6. radial fossa
  7. supratrochlear foramen
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25
Q

what are these structures

A

medial and lateral epicondyles

* trochlea

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26
Q

where is the ulnar/olecranon fossa

A

caudal aspect

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27
Q

where is the radial fossa

A

cranial aspect

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28
Q

what are the features of the supratrochlear foramen

A

nothing passes through

may not be present in short legged dogs

absent in larger species (horse)

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29
Q

what structures do cats not have

A

no supratrochlear foramen

supracondyloid foramen –> blood vessels and nerves pass through

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30
Q

how many centres of ossification does the humerus develop from

A

5 centres

  1. proximal epiphyses
  2. body
  3. condyle –> medial epicondyle, medial half, lateral half
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31
Q

where is the weak point of the humerus

A

supratrochlear foramen

32
Q

what are the components of the shoulder joint

A
  1. glenoid cavity of scapula –> concave
  2. head of humerus –> convex
33
Q

what are the palpable landmarks for the shoulder joint

A

acromion process (scapula)

greater tubercle (humerus)

34
Q

what is the bicipital bursa

A

joint capsule extends into intertubercular groove –> between greater and lesser tubercles

wraps around tendon of origin of biceps brachii

35
Q

how is the bicipital bursa held in place

A

by transverse ligament

36
Q

what is the lateral support of the shoulder joint

A
  1. supraspinatus muscle (supraspinous fossa)
  2. infraspinatus muscle (infraspinous fossa)
37
Q

what is the insertion of the supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscle

A

proximal lateral humerus

38
Q

what is the nerve supply of the supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscle

A

suprascapular nerve

39
Q

what is the medial support of the shoulder joint

A

subscapularis muscle (subscapularis fossa)

40
Q

what is the insertion of the subscapularis muscle

A

proximal medial humerus

41
Q

what is the nerve supply of the subscapularis muscle

A

subscapular nerve

42
Q

what is osteochondrosis

A

developmental disease

erosion of articular cartilage & subchondral bone

43
Q

what is degenerative joint disease

A

new bone formation

around osteochondral junction

characteristic locations on radiographs –> painful while forming

caused by wear and tear

44
Q

what region is the radius & ulna in

A

antebrachium

45
Q

what types of bone are the radius and ulna

A

long bone (paired)

46
Q

which is weight bearing between the radius and ulna

47
Q

what is located on the head of the radius

A

articular surface for elbow joint

48
Q

what is located on the distal end of the radius

A

articular surface for carpus

49
Q

what is the features of the ulna

A

longer than radius –> provides leverage

50
Q

what are the anatomical features of the ulna

A
  1. olecranon process
  2. anconeal process
  3. trochlear notch
  4. lateral coronoid process
  5. medial coronoid process
  6. styloid process
51
Q

what is the shape of the anconeal process of radius and ulna

A

beak shaped

fits into olecranon fossa of humerus

52
Q

what is the trochlear notch on the radius and ulna

A

articular surface for elbow joint

covered in hyaline cartilage

53
Q

what is the medial coronoid process of the radius and ulna

A

radius sits between medial and lateral coronoid processes of the ulna

54
Q

how is the medial coronoid process held in place on the radius and ulna

A

annular ligament

55
Q

what is the styloid process

A

collateral ligament

56
Q

what are the structures of the radius and ulna

57
Q

how are the radius and ulna held together

A

by ligaments

some rotation possible

58
Q

how do the radius and ulna rotate about each other

A

proximal: ulna most medial projection
distal: ulna most lateral projection

59
Q

what is palpable on the radius and ulna

A

medial & lateral styloid processes palpable

collateral ligaments of carpus

60
Q

how many centres of ossification do the radius and ulna develop from

A

radius –> 3 centres

ulna –> 4 centres (olecranon process, anconeal process, body, distal epiphyses)

61
Q

what are the clinical considerations of the radius and ulna

A

must grow together

physes = weak points

early closure stops bone growth

angular limb deformities

62
Q

what are the compartive features of the radius and ulna

A

cat: square olecranon, radius and ulna similar diameter
pig: 2 complete separate bones
ruminant: 2 complete bones that fuses as animal ages
horse: body of ulna absent, rest is fused

no rotation in large species

63
Q

identify the features of the canine scapula

64
Q

identify the features of the canine humerus

65
Q

identify the components of the shoulder joint

66
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder joint

A

synovial joint

weak collateral ligaments

67
Q

identify the structures of the radius and ulna

68
Q

identify the skeletal structures of canine

69
Q

identify the skeletal structures of the feline

70
Q

identify the structures of the canine scapule

71
Q

identify the structures of the humerus

72
Q

identify the structures of the scapula

73
Q

identify the structures of the radius and ulna

74
Q

identify the structures of the ulna

75
Q

identify the structures of the shoulder joint

76
Q

identify the structures of the shoulder joint

Module 7 (50 decks)

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