Stereotypes & Prej Flashcards
Stereotype:
Belief associating wh__ gr__ w/ce__ tr__. Stereotypes are risky in__ from gr__ level information to the in__ level.
Are often po__ charged
~ Help co__ mental energy
~ Not always ac__!
Ou__ vs. In__
- I like Pu__ Ri__. Vs. I like TH_ Pu__ Ri__
whole groups, certain traits
inferences, group, individual
politically
conserve
accurate
outgroups, ingroups
Puerto Ricans
The Puerto Ricans
Mo__ racism:
- Pr__ directed at other ra__ groups that occurs with re__ of explicitly ra__ ideology.
~ “I don’t have anything ag__ Africa, but what major ac__ have come from the continent?”
modern
prejudice, racial, rejection, racist
against, accomplishments
Prejudice:
- Ne__ feelings toward a person because of their as__ with a so__, ra__, et__, re__, se__, ge__, etc. gr__
- Net ef__ is to put the victim at some di__ not wa__ by their conduct
negative, association, social, racial, ethnic, religious, sexual, gender, group
effect, disadvantage, warranted
Discrimination
- Be__ differently (and ne__) toward an individual because of his/her me__ in a particular gr__.
~ Refusing to hi__ gays or lesbians.
~ Can be ac__ or pa__
behaving, negatively, membership, group
hire
active, passive
Reverse Discrimination
- Discriminating against ma__ group members.
Typically held to be less de__ given ma__ group members typically have more po__
majority
detrimental, majority
power
Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination are highly co__, but not re__.
People can discriminate because of ‘cold’ st__ or ‘hot’ pr__.
Stereotypes can be he__ but people may not necessarily ac_ on them (because of co__, for instance).
Thoughts (st__) and feelings (pr__) are not as de__ as be__ (discrimination).
correlated, redundant
stereotypes, prejudice
held, act, correction
stereotypes, prejudice, destructive, behaviors
Devine Tw_-Step Model of St__ Activation
Pr__: person exposed to st__-relevant information such as seeing a gay man.
Step 1 - Ac__.
- Devine says stereotype ac__ is au__. Mo__ people hold stereotypes.
Step 2 – Ap__
-Devine says what separates pr__ from no_- pr__ samples is the second, co__, step. Stereotype only us__ if a person is pr__.
two, stereotype
priming, stereotype
activation
activation, automatic, most
application
prejudiced, non-prejudiced
controlled
used, prejudiced
Stereotype Activation:
Had two people de__, one Af__ Am__ and one Ca__.
- IV: Co__ made as participants ra__ the debaters’ ability (n_ comment, highly ra__ comment, comment with n_ ra__ content)
- DV: Ratings of debaters’ ab__
–>Even if participants’ didn’t be__ the stereotype, even if they didn’t wa__ it to affect their be__, those in the ‘highly ra__ comment’ condition evaluated the Af__ Am__ debater considerably more ne__.
debate, african american, caucasian
comment, rated
no
racist
no racial
ability
believe, want, behavior, racist, african american, negatively
In a slightly different test, had participants respond to whether or not a word was (+) or (-) following the fast (1/3 second) presentation of either a Wh__ or Bl__ face.
- Concluded there are 3 types of people:
~ Those who do no_ have ne__ associations with African- Americans
~ Those who have au__, ne__ associations and have no problems vo__ them.
~ Those who have au__, ne__ associations, but who want to su__ this reaction
white, black
not, negative
automatic, negative, voicing
automatic, negative, suppress
Stereotype Formation:
“Children are not born ra__.”
- Nonetheless, children are likely born with a pr__ to pr__ information in a sc__-based way
racist
predisposition, processing, schema
Stereotype Formation: where do they come from?
Pa__ Experiences:
- Hi__ – Sl__ portrayed Blacks as mentally in__, attack on Pe__ Ha__ leads people to think of Japanese as sn__, success of German ca__ portrays Germans as ha__-wo__.
- Po__ – Stereotypes are often the result of political pr__ meant to justify wa_, religious in__, ethnic cl__, etc.
- So__ – Stereotypes often begin with re__ differences between cu__.
~ Americans have higher rates of ob__ than many other Eu__ nations.
past
historically, slavery, inferior, peal harbor, sneaky, cars, hard-working
politically, propaganda
war, intolerance, cleansing
socioculturally
real, cultures
obesity, european
Stereotype Formation: Where do they come from?
So__ Learning
- Watching ot__ who also hold st__.
social learning,
others, stereotypes
Stereotype formation: Where do they come from?
Re__ Co__ Theory (Ec__ Perspective)
- Suggests stereotypes form when two or more groups are forced to co__ for li__ resources.
- When the go__ rush of 1849 occurred, the Chinese were called “depraved,” “bloodthirsty,” “inhuman,” and “vicious.”
- In the Southern United States, as co__ prices fell, Black ly__ increased (more co__ for jobs). The correlation was -.72!!!
Ro__ Ca__ Experiment (Sherif, 1961)
- 22 _th-grade boys
- Eagles and Rattlers
- “bums”, “cowards”, “stinkers” ~Su__ goals
realistic conflict
economic
compete, limited
gold rush
cotton, lynchings
competition
robbers cave
5th
superordinate
Stereotype formation: Where do they come from?
Mi__ gr__ paradigm (Tajfel & Billig, 1974)
- Separate people based on mi__ difference
- Allow for the assignment of re__
~ Re__ gain
~ Ab__ gain
- Members interested in maximizing __ gain and not __ gain.
minimal groups
minimal
rewards
relative
absolute
relative, absolute
Problems with Stereotypic Processing:
Problems with media gl__
- By solely paying attention to di__ between groups at the extremities, people ov__ be__-group differences and un__ wi__-group differences
-Outgroup ho__
~ Extent to which members of an ou__ are assumed to be si__.
ex: Ru__ and Pr__ students
gluttony
differences, overestimate, between, underestimate, within
homogeneity
outgroup, similar
rutgers, princeton
Stereotypes are re__ to change:
- Humans have many ways of ma__ stereotypes once they’ve st__:
~ Bi\_\_ language ~ Me\_\_ misrepresentation! ~ Co\_\_ biases ~ Se\_\_-fu\_\_ prophecies ~ Il\_\_ correlations ~ Changing at\_\_ - Su\_\_
resistant
maintaining, started
biased media confirmation self-fulfilling illusory attributions subtyping
Stereotype Maintenance:
Biased language
- Sa__-wh__ hypothesis
~ John be\_\_ Jane. ~ John ba\_\_ Jane. ~ Jane wa_ ba\_\_ by John. ~ Jane wa_ ba\_\_. ~ Jane i_ a ba\_\_ woman.
sapir whorf
beat battered was battered was battered is, battered
Stereotype Maintenance:
Biased language:
- Much meaning is conveyed through language.
De__ slurs perpetuate and de__ members of mi__ groups.
Two approaches to helping to d_-bi__ language:
1) Re__ of bi__ terms until they ‘lo__ their po__’
- Re__ of words “bl__” and “qu__.”
2) Av__ of biased terms
A lot of the power of language, however, is in the way it’s us__ (co__) and therefore outside of any qu__ about the la__ itself.
derogatory, deinidivduate, minority
de-bias
repetition, biased
lose, power
reclamation, black, queer
avoidance
used, context, quality, language
Stereotype Maintenance:
Co__ biases:
- The tendency to in__, se__, and cr__ information that confirms ex__.
- Also, people do not se__ information that creates di__.
Allowed student listen to a basketball game where they
were led to believe that Mark Flick, the player in question, was either White or Black. After listening, the students were asked to rate the play of the player. Those led to believe the player was __ gave higher ratings than those led to believe he was __!
confirmation
interpret, seek, create, expectations
seek, dissonance
black, white
Stereotype Maintenance:
Ill__ Correlations:
- A tendency to ov__ the li__ between tw_ variables that are only sl__, if at all, co__.
Chapman (1967)
Paradigm: Had people listen to word pairs such as Lion-tiger, Bacon-tiger, Lion-eggs, or Bacon-eggs
- People overestimated the frequencies of Li__-ti__
and Ba__-eg__!
illusory
overestimate, link, two, slightly, correlated
lion-tiger, bacon-eggs
Stereotype Maintenance:
Changing Attributions:
When we find a member of a group does NOT fi_ the st__, we change the at__ for the be__.
~ Hillary Clinton, who is having a political career of her own, is thought to have reaped the be__ of Bi__s tenure.
Su__
-Taking ex__ to a stereotype and subtyping them as somehow at__, or non-re__ of their group.
fit, stereotype, attribution, behavior
benefits, Bill’s
subtyping
exception, atypical
non-representative
Exposure to No__-Enhancing Jokes:
Ford (2000) suggested that jokes may increase
tolerance of di__ by resulting in a no_-cr__ mindset.
Humor often undermines the se__ of co__.
Being exposed to jokes about wo__ tends to increase tolerance of se_ discrimination in those already high in sexual ho__.
norm
discrimination, non-critical
seriousness, communication
women, sex, hostility
Implications of Stereotyping and Prejudice
- Lower se__-es__.
- Stereotype th__.
- People be__ differently after exposure to st__-laden communication.
- Waste of societal as__ and re__.
~ Ma__ people don’t co__ as effectively
self-esteem
threat
behave, stereotype
assets, resources
marginalized, contribute
Social Identity Theory:
Our identity is composed of several interacting elements:
- Pe__ identity
~ Composed of personal ac__, at__, be__, va__, etc. - So__ identity
~ Composed of being in the so__ or et__ groups to which we belong
Paradigm: Jennifer Crocker and her colleagues elicited female college students and then had them participate in a dating-partner selection scenario. P’s were told their weight and height would be given to the male.
- IV: Feedback was positive or negative. Women were overweight or normal weight.
- DV: Affect. Depression. Self-Esteem. Attributions to prejudice.
Results: Women who were in the ‘se__’ condition evidenced greater decrease in se__-es__ than those who believed they
were no_ se__.
personal
achievements, attributes, beliefs, values
social
social, ethnic
seen, self-esteem, not seen
