Attributions Flashcards
What is social perception?
Social Perception refers to the p__ we engage in to u__ the b__, th__ and m__ of o__ people.
- E.g., whether an interviewer l__ us, why my boyfriend never c__ when he says he will, why women often become q__ around guys they have crushes on, etc.
processes, understand, behaviors, thoughts, motivations, other
likes, calls, quiet
Attributions:
- Process of assigning c__ to b__.
- Explaining w__ people do w__ they do.
causes, behavior
why, what
Initial Impressions in a Blink:
Processing done in _ _ _
Often takes place extremely q__:
- Ambady & Rosenthal, 1993
- Ratings of p__ compared against ratings of s__ in the
class.
~ Participants saw GTAs for __ seconds
~ Students had GTAs the entire t__
PFC
quickly
participants, students
30
term
Information for Impressions:
Facial expressions:
- Can convey a vast amount of s__ information.
~ Are the basic emotions (Anger. Disgust. Fear. Happiness. Sadness. Surprise.) universal? __ and __…
~ C__ determines d__ rules, or the c__ under which certain emotions are a__.
Eye contact:
- Length of eye contact typically indicates i__.
- What do p__ stares typically mean?
~ C__ matters!
social
yes, no
culture, display, circumstances, acceptable
intensity
prolonged
context
Information for Impressions:
Body Language
- Mo__:
- Aronoff, Weike, and Hyman (1992)-analyzed dancing of b__ by d__ characters compared to w__, more s__ roles. Found dangerous characters to have more d__ and a__ postures vs. r__ postures.
~ Waitstaff who s__.
To__:
Crusco and Wetzel (1984) found that waitresses who touched a little bit on the h__ (. seconds) and even longer on the s__ (.-. seconds) received larger t__.
movement
ballet, dangerous, warm, sympathetic
diagonal, angular, rounded
squat
touching
hand, 0.5, shoulder, 1.0-1.5, tips
Information for Impressions:
Pr__ – Personal d__
Hall (1966) determined four different levels of personal s__:
- i__, 0-18” (spouses/fam)
- p__, 18”-4’ (close friends)
-s__, 4’-12’
(coworkers/acquaintances)
-p__, >12’ (public figures, strangers)
proxemics, distance
space
intimate
personal
social
public
Information for Impressions:
Gender differences in interpreting non- verbals.
Who better at interpreting non-verbals?
- Women typically better when decoding non-verbals from a t__ person.
- Differences even out when interpreting or decoding a l__ person.
- Women more t__? Men more practiced at deciphering l__? U__ at this point…
- C__-c__ differences in non-verbals.
truthful
lying
trusting, lies, unknown
cross-cultural
Attribution Formation:
Effects of P__ Information
- Kelley (1950)
Students in an MIT class told speaker was: -W\_\_, industrious, critical, practical, determined
- C__, industrious, critical, practical, determined
One word change impacted ratings on self-centeredness, unsociableness, ruthlessness, etc.
prior
warm
cold
Attribution Theories – The beginning:
F__ H__ (1958)
- Believed people are ‘n__ psychologists’
- Believed people have two major motivations in social
p__:
~ Behavioral p__.
~ Behavioral c__.
Believed people try to make sense out of their s__ world, and attribute b__ to either:
- Internal attributions – The reason for a person’s a__ comes from w__ that person, i.e., v__, b__ or p__.
- External attributions – The reason for a person’s a__ comes from o__ that person, i.e., s__, e__, c__.
fritz Heider
naive
perception
prediction
control
social, behavior
action, within, value, belief, personality
action, outside, situation, environment, circumstance
Attribution Theories – A growing area
Correspondent Inference Theory (CIT, Jones & Davis, 1965):
People try to i__ from a person’s a__ whether or not that action corresponds to that person’s p__.
- People make inferences according to three factors:
Ch__–Behavior that is ch__ is more informing than f__ behavior.
Ex__–U__ behavior is more informative than e__ behavior.
Ef__/Co__–Behaviors that have many o__ consequences are less informative than behaviors that have only o__ consequence.
N__-c__ effects are very informative.
infer, action, personality
choice, chosen, forced
expectedness,
unexpected, expected
effects/consequences
overlapping, one
non-common
Attribution Theories – A growing area:
Kelley’s Covariation Model (KCM; Kelley, 1967)
B__ can be a function of p__, but also a function of situational p__ (think: p__ pressure)
Covariation principle – in order for something to be the c__ of the behavior, it must be p__ when the behavior is p__, and a__ when the behavior is a__.
Three (3) main elements:
Consensus–Do o__ typically perform this b__ also?
Distinctiveness–Does this person act this way with o__ s__?
Consistency–Does this person a__ behave this way with t__
stimulus?
If __ on all elements, a s__ attribution can be made.
If only high on c__ but low on d__ and c__, a p__ attribution can be made.
behavior, personality, pressures, peer
cause, present, present, absent, absent
others, behavior
other stimuli
always, this
high, stimulus
consistency, distinctiveness, consensus, personal
Discounting and Augmentation:
Attributions not always made on what h__ happened,
but also on what we i__ c__ have happened.
Discounting principle – the confidence in an attribution is d__ if there are o__ possible c__ of a b__.
- E.g. A server is very a__ and w__.
- ->Could be a very f__ person
- -> Could be working on improving t__ amount
Augmenting principle – the confidence in an attribution is i__ if there are causes we’d imagine would make the o__ outcome.
E.g. A person is in an interview for a position as a w__ creator and he/she talks about really disliking p__ in HTML.
–>Many reasons point to wanting to say the o__
–> Person must r__ dislike programming in HTML
has, imagine, could
decreased, other, causes, behavior
amicable, warm
friendly
tip
increased, opposite
website, programming
opposite
really
Biases:
Effects of P__ Information
- S__
~ S__ about a g__ of people that are generated at the g__ level and then applied (often i__) to the i__ level.
prior
stereotypes
schemas, group, group, incorrectly, individual
Stereotypes Continued:
Baby-face bias:
- People with rounder h__, large e__, small j__, etc. rated as more na__, ho__, he__, ki__, and wa__ than m__-faced
seen in m__ m__ over time
heads, eyes, jawbones, naive, honest, helpless, kind, warm, mature
mickey mouse
Attractiveness bias (what-is-b\_\_-is-g\_\_-stereotype): - Physically attractive = intelligent, successful, happy, well-adjusted, socially skilled, confident and assertive. (Eagly, 1991)
- Physically attractive people do have ↑ f__, better s__ skills, and an ↑ active s__ life (Feingold, 1992)
- Physically attractive people do NOT tend to be more i__, better a__, or have greater s__ e__!
beautiful, good
friends, social, sex
intelligent, adjusted, self esteem
Media influences of attractiveness:
_ _=Had participants watch a
film in which the stereotype was either portrayed as t__ (beautiful=good) or n__ (beautiful≠good)
_ _=Then had participants rate applications for graduate school who had equal q__, with one being a__ and the other being ‘p__.’
Attractive applicant rated higher than non-attractive after __ film types (highest in s__) but plain applicant was higher ranked if the film was n__-s__.
IV, true, not
DV, qualifications, attractive, plain
both, stereotypic, non-stereotypic
Attribution Theories – A growing area
T__-s__ Model of Attribution (Gilbert & Malone, 1995)
Suggests that we start with an ‘a__’ attribution first (generally to explain behavior as d__) and then correct with a ‘c__’ attribution next.
“The first step is a s__, the second one is a d__.”
ex:
b__: another driver cuts you off.
-automatic p__ attribution: “that driver is a real mother fucker.”
-effortful s__ attribution: “there could be a sick kid in the car on the way to the hospital.”
two-step
automatic, dispositional, controlled
snap, doozy
behavior
personal
situational
Attributional Biases:
- S__ errors humans make when explaining the b__ of others.
Different types of Biases or Errors:
F\_\_A\_\_ Error (FAE) - Tendency to attribute a person’s behavior to p\_\_/d\_\_ while underestimating the role of the s\_\_.
Jones and Harris (1967) Paradigm: IV – Assigned participants to hear speech where the author either had: IV1-C\_\_/N_ C\_\_ IV2-P\_\_-Castro/A\_\_-Castro - DV – Perception of speech deliverer’s r\_\_ attitude.
When the author had no choice, the __-castro speech was rated higher on the deliverer’s real attitude than the __-castro
systematic, behaviors
fundamental, attribution
personality/disposition, situation
choice/no choice
pro, anti
real
pro, anti
Different types of Biases or Errors:
Ac__-Ob__ Effect
- Tendency to make p__ attributions for the behavior of o__ while making s__ attributions for our o__ behavior.
actor-observer
personal, others
situational, own
Different types of Biases or Errors
- S__-Se__ Bias
The tendency to attribute success to one’s p__ or a__ (i__ attribution) while attributing failure to e__ circumstances (external a__).
self-serving
personality, achievement, internal
external, attribution
Cultural Differences:
Indians (from India) and Attributions:
Miller (1984) asked participants (both Americans and Hindus) to think of behaviors performed by f__ and to explain w__ those behaviors occurred:
- Hindus made more s__ attributions
- Americans made more d__ attributions
- Differences increased with a__
friends, why
situational
dispositional
age
Cultural Differences in Self:
Work of Markus and Kitayama (1991)
Suggested that people from different cultures have different s__-c__.
Asian individuals are more likely to be i__ in self-construal
- Fundamental r__ to one another
- Attention to o__, fi__ i_ are VERY important
Westerners were more likely to be i__ in self-construal
- Fundamental i__ from one a__.
Differences in self-construal have an effect on c__ (th__), m__ and b__.
self-construals
interdependent, relatedness
others, fitting in
independent, independence, another
cognitions (thoughts, motivation, behavior
Self-Description Tasks:
Japanese students gave more attributes on the c__ format.
American students gave more attributes on the t__ s__ test.
contextualized
twenty statements
Measuring Independent vs. Interdependent Self- Construals:
Int - M_ happiness depends on the happiness of those a__ me.
Int - I should take into consideration my p__’ advice when making e__/c__ plans.
Int - Even when I strongly d__ with g__ members, I avoid an a__.
Ind - I act the s__ way no matter w__ I am with.
Ind - I am comfortable with being s__ out for p__ or r__.
Ind - I enjoy being u__ and d__ from others in many respects.
my, around
parents, education/career
disagree, group, argument
same, who
singled, praise, reward
unique, different
