Attributions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social perception?

Social Perception refers to the p__ we engage in to u__ the b__, th__ and m__ of o__ people.

  • E.g., whether an interviewer l__ us, why my boyfriend never c__ when he says he will, why women often become q__ around guys they have crushes on, etc.
A

processes, understand, behaviors, thoughts, motivations, other

likes, calls, quiet

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2
Q

Attributions:
- Process of assigning c__ to b__.

  • Explaining w__ people do w__ they do.
A

causes, behavior

why, what

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3
Q

Initial Impressions in a Blink:

Processing done in _ _ _

Often takes place extremely q__:

  • Ambady & Rosenthal, 1993
  • Ratings of p__ compared against ratings of s__ in the
    class.
    ~ Participants saw GTAs for __ seconds
    ~ Students had GTAs the entire t__
A

PFC

quickly
participants, students

30

term

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4
Q

Information for Impressions:

Facial expressions:
- Can convey a vast amount of s__ information.
~ Are the basic emotions (Anger. Disgust. Fear. Happiness. Sadness. Surprise.) universal? __ and __…
~ C__ determines d__ rules, or the c__ under which certain emotions are a__.

Eye contact:
- Length of eye contact typically indicates i__.
- What do p__ stares typically mean?
~ C__ matters!

A

social
yes, no
culture, display, circumstances, acceptable

intensity
prolonged
context

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5
Q

Information for Impressions:

Body Language
- Mo__:
- Aronoff, Weike, and Hyman (1992)-analyzed dancing of b__ by d__ characters compared to w__, more s__ roles. Found dangerous characters to have more d__ and a__ postures vs. r__ postures.
~ Waitstaff who s__.

To__:
Crusco and Wetzel (1984) found that waitresses who touched a little bit on the h__ (. seconds) and even longer on the s__ (.-. seconds) received larger t__.

A

movement
ballet, dangerous, warm, sympathetic
diagonal, angular, rounded
squat

touching
hand, 0.5, shoulder, 1.0-1.5, tips

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6
Q

Information for Impressions:

Pr__ – Personal d__

Hall (1966) determined four different levels of personal s__:

  • i__, 0-18” (spouses/fam)
  • p__, 18”-4’ (close friends)

-s__, 4’-12’
(coworkers/acquaintances)

-p__, >12’ (public figures, strangers)

A

proxemics, distance

space

intimate

personal

social

public

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7
Q

Information for Impressions:

Gender differences in interpreting non- verbals.

Who better at interpreting non-verbals?

  • Women typically better when decoding non-verbals from a t__ person.
  • Differences even out when interpreting or decoding a l__ person.
  • Women more t__? Men more practiced at deciphering l__? U__ at this point…
  • C__-c__ differences in non-verbals.
A

truthful

lying

trusting, lies, unknown

cross-cultural

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8
Q

Attribution Formation:

Effects of P__ Information
- Kelley (1950)

  Students in an MIT class told speaker was: 
-W\_\_, industrious, critical, practical, determined 
  • C__, industrious, critical, practical, determined

One word change impacted ratings on self-centeredness, unsociableness, ruthlessness, etc.

A

prior

warm
cold

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9
Q

Attribution Theories – The beginning:

F__ H__ (1958)
- Believed people are ‘n__ psychologists’
- Believed people have two major motivations in social
p__:
~ Behavioral p__.
~ Behavioral c__.

Believed people try to make sense out of their s__ world, and attribute b__ to either:

  • Internal attributions – The reason for a person’s a__ comes from w__ that person, i.e., v__, b__ or p__.
  • External attributions – The reason for a person’s a__ comes from o__ that person, i.e., s__, e__, c__.
A

fritz Heider

naive

perception

prediction

control

social, behavior

action, within, value, belief, personality

action, outside, situation, environment, circumstance

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10
Q

Attribution Theories – A growing area

Correspondent Inference Theory (CIT, Jones & Davis, 1965):

People try to i__ from a person’s a__ whether or not that action corresponds to that person’s p__.
- People make inferences according to three factors:

Ch__–Behavior that is ch__ is more informing than f__ behavior.

Ex__–U__ behavior is more informative than e__ behavior.

Ef__/Co__–Behaviors that have many o__ consequences are less informative than behaviors that have only o__ consequence.
N__-c__ effects are very informative.

A

infer, action, personality

choice, chosen, forced

expectedness,
unexpected, expected

effects/consequences
overlapping, one
non-common

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11
Q

Attribution Theories – A growing area:

Kelley’s Covariation Model (KCM; Kelley, 1967)

B__ can be a function of p__, but also a function of situational p__ (think: p__ pressure)

Covariation principle – in order for something to be the c__ of the behavior, it must be p__ when the behavior is p__, and a__ when the behavior is a__.

Three (3) main elements:

Consensus–Do o__ typically perform this b__ also?

Distinctiveness–Does this person act this way with o__ s__?

Consistency–Does this person a__ behave this way with t__
stimulus?

If __ on all elements, a s__ attribution can be made.

If only high on c__ but low on d__ and c__, a p__ attribution can be made.

A

behavior, personality, pressures, peer

cause, present, present, absent, absent

others, behavior

other stimuli

always, this

high, stimulus

consistency, distinctiveness, consensus, personal

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12
Q

Discounting and Augmentation:

Attributions not always made on what h__ happened,
but also on what we i__ c__ have happened.

Discounting principle – the confidence in an attribution is d__ if there are o__ possible c__ of a b__.

  • E.g. A server is very a__ and w__.
  • ->Could be a very f__ person
  • -> Could be working on improving t__ amount

Augmenting principle – the confidence in an attribution is i__ if there are causes we’d imagine would make the o__ outcome.
E.g. A person is in an interview for a position as a w__ creator and he/she talks about really disliking p__ in HTML.
–>Many reasons point to wanting to say the o__
–> Person must r__ dislike programming in HTML

A

has, imagine, could

decreased, other, causes, behavior

amicable, warm
friendly
tip

increased, opposite
website, programming
opposite
really

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13
Q

Biases:
Effects of P__ Information

  • S__
    ~ S__ about a g__ of people that are generated at the g__ level and then applied (often i__) to the i__ level.
A

prior

stereotypes

schemas, group, group, incorrectly, individual

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14
Q

Stereotypes Continued:

Baby-face bias:
- People with rounder h__, large e__, small j__, etc. rated as more na__, ho__, he__, ki__, and wa__ than m__-faced

seen in m__ m__ over time

A

heads, eyes, jawbones, naive, honest, helpless, kind, warm, mature

mickey mouse

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15
Q
Attractiveness bias (what-is-b\_\_-is-g\_\_-stereotype):
- Physically attractive = intelligent, successful, happy, well-adjusted, socially skilled, confident and assertive. (Eagly, 1991)
  • Physically attractive people do have ↑ f__, better s__ skills, and an ↑ active s__ life (Feingold, 1992)
  • Physically attractive people do NOT tend to be more i__, better a__, or have greater s__ e__!
A

beautiful, good

friends, social, sex

intelligent, adjusted, self esteem

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16
Q

Media influences of attractiveness:

_ _=Had participants watch a
film in which the stereotype was either portrayed as t__ (beautiful=good) or n__ (beautiful≠good)

_ _=Then had participants rate applications for graduate school who had equal q__, with one being a__ and the other being ‘p__.’

Attractive applicant rated higher than non-attractive after __ film types (highest in s__) but plain applicant was higher ranked if the film was n__-s__.

A

IV, true, not

DV, qualifications, attractive, plain

both, stereotypic, non-stereotypic

17
Q

Attribution Theories – A growing area

T__-s__ Model of Attribution (Gilbert & Malone, 1995)

Suggests that we start with an ‘a__’ attribution first (generally to explain behavior as d__) and then correct with a ‘c__’ attribution next.

“The first step is a s__, the second one is a d__.”

ex:
b__: another driver cuts you off.
-automatic p__ attribution: “that driver is a real mother fucker.”
-effortful s__ attribution: “there could be a sick kid in the car on the way to the hospital.”

A

two-step

automatic, dispositional, controlled

snap, doozy

behavior
personal
situational

18
Q

Attributional Biases:
- S__ errors humans make when explaining the b__ of others.

Different types of Biases or Errors:

F\_\_A\_\_ Error (FAE)
-  Tendency to attribute a person’s behavior to p\_\_/d\_\_ while underestimating the role of the s\_\_.
Jones and Harris (1967)   Paradigm:
  IV – Assigned participants to hear speech where the author either had:
  IV1-C\_\_/N_ C\_\_
  IV2-P\_\_-Castro/A\_\_-Castro 
- DV – Perception of speech
deliverer’s r\_\_ attitude.

When the author had no choice, the __-castro speech was rated higher on the deliverer’s real attitude than the __-castro

A

systematic, behaviors

fundamental, attribution
personality/disposition, situation

choice/no choice
pro, anti

real

pro, anti

19
Q

Different types of Biases or Errors:

Ac__-Ob__ Effect
- Tendency to make p__ attributions for the behavior of o__ while making s__ attributions for our o__ behavior.

A

actor-observer

personal, others
situational, own

20
Q

Different types of Biases or Errors

  • S__-Se__ Bias

The tendency to attribute success to one’s p__ or a__ (i__ attribution) while attributing failure to e__ circumstances (external a__).

A

self-serving

personality, achievement, internal

external, attribution

21
Q

Cultural Differences:

Indians (from India) and Attributions:

Miller (1984) asked participants (both Americans and Hindus) to think of behaviors performed by f__ and to explain w__ those behaviors occurred:

  • Hindus made more s__ attributions
  • Americans made more d__ attributions
  • Differences increased with a__
A

friends, why

situational
dispositional

age

22
Q

Cultural Differences in Self:

Work of Markus and Kitayama (1991)
Suggested that people from different cultures have different s__-c__.

Asian individuals are more likely to be i__ in self-construal

  • Fundamental r__ to one another
  • Attention to o__, fi__ i_ are VERY important

Westerners were more likely to be i__ in self-construal
- Fundamental i__ from one a__.

Differences in self-construal have an effect on c__ (th__), m__ and b__.

A

self-construals

interdependent, relatedness
others, fitting in

independent, independence, another

cognitions (thoughts, motivation, behavior

23
Q

Self-Description Tasks:

Japanese students gave more attributes on the c__ format.

American students gave more attributes on the t__ s__ test.

A

contextualized

twenty statements

24
Q

Measuring Independent vs. Interdependent Self- Construals:

Int - M_ happiness depends on the happiness of those a__ me.
Int - I should take into consideration my p__’ advice when making e__/c__ plans.
Int - Even when I strongly d__ with g__ members, I avoid an a__.

Ind - I act the s__ way no matter w__ I am with.
Ind - I am comfortable with being s__ out for p__ or r__.
Ind - I enjoy being u__ and d__ from others in many respects.

A

my, around

parents, education/career

disagree, group, argument

same, who

singled, praise, reward

unique, different