Conformity/Obedience Flashcards
Abu Ghraib:
Abu Ghraib prison was a . Army detention center for captured Ir__ from __ to __. An investigation into the treatment of detainees at the prison was prompted by the discovery of gr__ photos depicting guards ab__ detainees in 2003.
U.S.
Iraquis
2003, 2006
graphic, abusing
Social Influence:
-Refers to the many ways people af__ one another.
- Involves ch__ in at__ or be__.
- from ac__, co__, or mere pr__ of other.
~power of ro__
~pe__ pressure
~direct ad__
~generally discussed as co__, ob__, or co__.
affect
changes, attitude, behavior
actions, comments, presence, others
roles
peer
advertising
conformity, obedience, compliance
Zi__’s Stanford Pr__ Study:
- Subjects were physically and mentally he__ young me_ who vo__ to participate for mo__.
- They were randomly assigned to be pr__ or gu__.
- Those assigned the role of pr__ became di__, he__, and pa__.
- Those assigned the roles of gu__ became either ni__, “to__ but fa__,” or ty__.
- Study had to be ended after _ days.
zimbardo’s, prison
healthy, men, volunteered, money
prisoners, guards
prisoner, distressed, helpless, panicky
guards, nice, tough, fair, tyrannical
6
Defining Roles and Rules:
-No__:
~ Ru__ that re__ human life, including social co__, explicit la__, and im__ cultural st__.
-Ro__:
~ A given social po__ that is governed by a set of
no__ for pr__ behavior.
-Cu__:
~ A pr__ of sh__ ru__ that govern the be__ of members of a community or society, and
~A set of va__, be__ and at__ shared by most me__ of that community.
Norms
rules, regulate, conventions, laws, implicit, standards
Role
position, norms, proper
Culture
program, shared rules, behavior
values, beliefs, attitudes, members
Conformity: Ch__ one’s be__ or be__ in response to ex__ or im__ pr__ (whether re__ or im__) from ot__.
Examples:
- Fa__
- Ch__ effect (mi__)
- _ day-old babies and fa__ expressions
- People lo__ up at the top of a bu__.
changing, behaviors, beliefs
explicit, implicit, pressure
real, imagined, others
fashion
chameleon, mimicry
3, facial
looking, building
Mimicry: Mindlessly im__ others.
- po__, ma__, fa__ expressions.
- fo__ shaking
Why? Id__ action.
- merely th__ about a be__ makes its actual pe__ more li__.
- perhaps it helps sm__, gr__ interactions.
Cultural Differences: Anglo-American vs. Hispanic middle ma__ (Sanchez-Burks, Bartel and Blount, 2009)
The __-American performed better when the interviewer mi__ their behavior. They also reported less an__ and were rated more hi__ by the observers. For __-Americans, there was no di__.
imitating
posture, mannerisms, facial
foot
ideomotor
thinking, behavior, performance, likely
smooth, gratifying
managers hispanic-american mimicked anxiety, highly ango-americans, difference
Why do people conform?
-Birds fl__, bees sw__, fish sc__…humans, too, have the ability to fo__ the ma__.
~ Ev__ argument?
- The need to know what’s ri__.
- Ot__ people are often a vital so__ of in__.
flock, swarm, school, follow, masses
evolutionary
right
other, source, information
Sh__’s Experiment on Conformity:
Early research showed people will co__ when co__ answer was un__ or am__.
Au__ effect
Sherif’s
conform, correct, unknown, ambiguous
autokinetic
When will people conform to in__ so__ influence?
-When the situation is am__.
~Most im__ variable
~ Un__ leads to re__ on ot__.
- When the situation is a cr__.
~Affords less ti__ for co__ thought. - When other people are ex__.
~Likely to use information of tr__ others when de__-making.
informational social
ambiguous
important
uncertainty, reliance, others
crisis
time, conscious
experts
trustworthy, decision
A__’s Experiments on Conformity:
With backdrop of Sherif’s studies on conformity…
- set out to prove that people will no_ co__ when evidence is cl__-cu_ or un__.
- his question - will people still co__ when gr__ is clearly wr__?
Experiment: - All but _ in group was co\_\_. - Se\_\_ was rigged. - Asked to rate which li\_\_ matched a “st\_\_” line. - Confederates were instructed to pick the wrong line \_\_/18 times.
Results:
- Asch found that __% participants conformed to at least on_ wrong choice.
- subjects gave wrong answer (co__) on __% of the critical trials.
Why did they conform to clearly wr__ choices?
- in__ influence? no. nor__.
- subjects reported having do__ their own pe__ abilities which led to their co__ – didn’t report se__ the lines the way the co__ had.
Asch
not conform, clear-cut, unambiguous
conform, group, wrong
1, confederate
seating
line, standard
12/18
75%, one
conformed, 37%
wrong
informational, normative
doubted, perceptual, conformity
seeing, confederates
2 general reasons for conformity:
- -> in__ influence (pr__ acceptance).
- Likely when situation is am__ or there is a cr__ and there is a need to act qu__.
–>no__ influence (pu__ co__)
informational
private
ambiguous, crisis, quickly
normative, public compliance
Asch’s Experiments on Conformity:
Variations to test in__ influence hypothesis:
- had subject come la__
- confederates voted out lo__, but subjects wr__ their vote
down.
Results:
-conformity dr__ significantly.
Suggests that the original subjects conformed due to __ influences, not __.
informational
late
loud, wrote
dropped
normative, informational
What affects rates of conforming?
Group si__:
- Peak co__ occurs with _ participants.
- Those with high se__-es__ are __ likely to conform.
W__ more likely than m__ to conform
size
conformity, 6
self-esteem, less
women, men
Factors Affecting Conformity:
Group un__:
- When a__ others were wrong, conformity was roughly __%
- Drops to _% within groups up to __ when an ally also di__ from the group (ally need not give ri__ answer, just di__ answer).
Ex__ and st__:
-Those with __ perceived status.
~Expertise affects __ influence
~ Status affects __ influence
unanimity
all, 37
5, 15, diverges, right, different
expertise, status
higher
informational
normative
Factors Affecting Conformity:
Cu__:
-Self-co__
~Conformity is higher in co__ cultures.
Tight vs. Loose cultures:
-“Tight” cultures have au__ or di__ governments.
~Higher population de__.
examples:
-tight: Ge__, In__, Ch__, South Ko__, Ja__, Au__, Br__, It__.
-loose: Gr__, Hu__, Is__, Ne__, N__ Z__, Br__
culture
self-construal
collectivistic
autocratic, dictatorial
density
germany, india, china, South Korea, Japan, Austria, Britian, Italy
Greece, Hungary, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, Brazil
Conformity in Action:
1980’s Brett Silverstein analysis of Vo__ and Ladies Ho__ Journal models in bust-to-waist ratios.
-H__-to-w__ ratios were co__.
vogue, home
hip-waist, constant
Conformity for the Greater Go__:
Descriptive vs. Injunctive norms:
- __ describe what people actually do.
- __ norms describe what people should do.
- Work of Cialdini suggests that descriptive and injunctive norms have the most effect on P_ _s when the two ag__
~ Ex. Re__
good
descriptive
injunctive
PSA’s, agree
recycling
Minority Influence:
Can the power of the fe_ impact perceptions of the ma__?
Asch’s paradigm reversed:
6 people within the group – 2 were co__, 4 were real pa__.
Minority co__ vs. minority in__
-When the minority co__ gave wrong answer the ma__ was in__-only if it was co__ though.
few, many
confederates, participants
consistent, inconsistent
consistently, majority, influenced, consistent
Obedience:
- co__ of person is due to perceived au__ of as__.
- re__ is perceived as a co__.
Mi__ interested in questioning obedience to or__.
compliance, authority, asker
request, command
milgram, orders
Stanley Milgram’s Studies:
Basic study procedure:
-te__ and le__ (le__ always co__)
- watch learner being st__ into ch__ – learner expresses concern over his “he__ condition”
-Teacher to another ro__ with
experimenter.
- Shock generator panel – __ to __ volts, labels “sl__ shock” to “_ _ _”
- Learner pr__ more and more as sh__ increases.
- Ex___ continues to request ob__ even if teacher ba__.
__% of the subjects went to the e__ (hi__ shock level), even those that pr__.
teacher, learner, learner, confederate
strapped, chair, heart
room
15, 450, slight, XXX
protests, shock
experimenter, obedience, balks
65%, end, highest, protested
Explanations for Milgram’s Results:
Ab__ group of su__?
- numerous re__ with va__ of groups shows n_ su__.
People in general are sa__?
- videotapes of Milgram’s subjects show extreme di__.
abnormal, subjects
replications, variety, no support
sadistic
distress
Explanations for Milgram’s Results:
- Authority of Ya__ and value of sc__.
- Experimenter se__-as__ and ac__ of re__ (re__ from responsibility).
- Pr__ of le__ and ex__.
- N__ situation and no m__ of how to be__.
~ Gr__ step-by-step in__.
Yale, science
self-assurance, acceptance, responsibility
release
proximity, learner, experimenter
new, model, behave
gradual, involvement
Social Influence: in Conclusion
- At__ are central to our ex__ as hu__.
- Many different me__ can be used to bring about at__ ch__.
- Attitude change, persuasion and compliance are occasionally used by un__ characters, so be__!
~ Th__!
~ Ro__ play and pr__ when you fear you may be pe__.
attitudes, experience, humans
methods, attitude change
unscrupulous, beware
think
role, practice, persuaded
