Altruism, Helping, and Pro-Social Behavior Flashcards
The Motivation to Help
- Helping Behavior:
A b__ intended to h__ another.
behavior, help
Evolutionary Explanations:
- Reason 1: Survival of our b__. We help those who most s__ our g__ material.
Consider:
~ P__ dogs a__ when i__ are in the area.
~ B__ sacrificing themselves for the sake of the h__.
- Previously thought that one is only concerned about
the success of one’s o__ genetic material. - Richard Dawkins’ s__ g__:
~ I__ survival not that important as long as o__, who
also carry the same g__, do survive.
Think: Who would you be more likely to help?
- m__
- next door n__
- 4th c__
bloodline, share, genetic
prairie, alerting, intruders
bees, hive
own
selfish gene
individual, others, genes
mother
neighbor
cousin
Dawkins’ Selfish Gene:
- Our g__ made us. We a__ exist for their p__ and are nothing more than their throwaway s__ machines.
The world of the selfish gene is one of savage c__,
ruthless e__, and d__.
But what of the acts of apparent a__ found in nature - the bees who commit s__ when they sting to protect the hive, or the birds who w__ the flock of an approaching hawk?
Do they contravene the
fundamental law of gene selfishness ? By n_
m__…
genes, animals, preservation, survival
competition, exploitation, deceit
altruism, suicide, warn
no means
Social Explanations
Reason 2: We help those who are most likely to r__ our act of helping.
Consider:
- Negative terms for those who t__ but do not g__.
~F__, m__, etc.
-Sales method known as p_-g\_\_: ~ Giving a gift or service to someone (even if they didn’t a_) because it increases the likelihood they will c\_\_ with a request of y\_\_. - W\_\_ w\_\_ in the city - Free s\_\_ at Sam’s Club - Buying a d\_\_ for someone at a bar
R__ Altruism
- Cats g__ other cats
- Large fish allow smaller fish to s__ in their m__.
~ S__
Ch__ (1984) – In a field study, she noticed that
female monkeys were more likely to respond to
another monkey’s audiotaped d__ call if the creator of the sound g__ the listener at some
point!
repay
take, give
freeloader, mooch
pre-giving ask, comply, yours window washers sample drink
reciprocal
grooming
swim, mouths
symbiosis
cheney
distress, groomed
Social Explanations:
Reason 3: We feel g__ when we h__ another person.
Consider:
- P__ we bestow upon c__ when they h__ another child.
B__ & S__ (1991)
- People whose s__-e__ has been t__ are more likely
to h__ someone in need in order to r__ feelings of
positive s__-w__.
~ Remember, a core social m__ is to s__-e__.
good, help
praise, children, help
brown, smart
self-esteem, threatened, help, reclaim, self-worth
motive, self-enhance
Social Explanations:
Reason 4: Social R__.
- We are all intuitive politicians, constantly scrutinizing our own g__ and m__ and how best to a__ them.
Moral H__
~ Occurs when people try to convince themselves they are
acting out of m__ when in fact they are acting so they
appear g__.
rewards
goals, motives, accomplish
hypocrisy
morality, good
Moral Hypocrisy Ex:
- B__ and T__ (1999)
Paradigm: Participants were told they had arrived first and were able to distribute a task to themselves and another participant.
One task was a positive task, and carried the possibility of winning $30, the other task, the neutral task, had no such opportunity.
Participants were also asked whether or not they would like to flip a coin to see who got the positive consequences (win $30) task.
- _ _: Choose to flip coin or not
- _ _: Percentage of people who assign good task to selves vs. neutral task to selves.
Results:
- Data show that m__ h__ exists among those who presumably wish to a__ moral.
- Found that of those who ‘f__’ the c__, people reported their action as much more m__ than those who did n__ flip the coin.
~ Despite the fact that both groups had an e__ chance of assigning him/ herself the p__ task.
Batson, Thompson
IV
DV
moral hypocrisy, appear
flipped, coin, moral, not
equal, positive
- How to get people to act in line with their moral standards?
Use of a m__!
mirror
Social Explanations:
- Reason 5: Alleviation of Personal D__ vs. A__.
Batson et al. (1983)
- Participants expected to w__ as confederate received _/10 shocks. They could:
~L__ experiment and reduce personal d__.
~ S__ in for confederate and receive some s__ to
prevent confederate from receiving a__.
–> Those rating higher on e__ concern (feeling s__, c__, and t__) volunteered to take __ shocks.
distress, altruism
watch, 8
leave, distress
stand, shocks, all
empathic, sympathetic, compassionate, tender, more
Participants who were encouraged to feel empathy for another student, Janet, who reported feeling lonely, volunteered to spend more time with her, even in the low-social-evaluation condition, where their volunteering was anonymous.
Even in a__ conditions where no social r__ can be gained, e__ promotes a__behavior
anonymous, reward, empathy, altruistic
Social Explanations:
Reason 6: P__ to help
(Norenzayan & Shariff, 2008)
- Primed with words such as: ~ Sp\_\_ ~ Di\_\_ ~ Go_ ~ Sa\_\_ ~ Pr\_\_
Proportion of participants making g__ to s__:
- majority gave __ in neutral prime
- majority gave __ in religion prime
primed
spirit divine god sacred prophet
gift, stranger
- nothing
- half
When do people help?
Review Kitty Genovese in NYC.
~ __ y.o., involved in brutal stabbing in Q__, NYC.
~ Stabbed repeatedly despite being watched by __ of her
neighbors.
Review Deletha Word in D__.
~ __ y.o., involved in c__ accident on a bridge over
Detroit river.
~ Orlando Brown and Lawrence Walker try to s__ her.
- Review Maria Cappozza
~ __ y.o., s__ attempt.
~ Daniel Santos dives in to s__ her.
28, Queens, 38
Detroit, 33, car
save
24, suicide
save
Why don’t people help?
- Fear of physical h__
- Fear of public e__
- Fear of involvement with p__ procedures
- Fear of lost w__ days and lost j__
- Other u__ fears
harm embarrassment police work, jobs unknown
When do people help?
- When f__ people are present.
Latane and Darley (1970):
- Paradigm: Had participants participate in a group about
personal problems faced by college students. Some spoke
with s__ other participants, others spoke with just o__
other. Eventually, one participant who states he has problems with s__ starts to stutter and his words become unclear.
- _ _: Number of people present.
- _ _: Time before help is gotten.
Results: As number of __ increased, the time to __ also
increased!
fewer
several, one, seizures,
IV
DV
people, help
When do people help?
- When f__ people are present.
Latane and Darley (1970):
- Paradigm: Had participants complete a form in a room that was eventually filled with s__. Authors wanted to examine how long it took a
person to go get help.
- _ _: Number of people present.
- _ _: Time before help is gotten.
Results: As number of __ increased, the time to
__ also increased!
fewer
smoke
IV
DV
people, help
B__ Effect:
- The effect describing how the p__ of o__ can i__ helping.
bystander
presence, others, inhibit
P__ ignorance:
- F__ belief that no one else s__ your t__ or f__.
- Belief that one is the o__ o__ who thinks and feels as they do, when actually m__ other people in that situation s__ those thoughts and feelings.
~ “I guess I’m the o__ o__ who thinks this is an e__…”
pluralistic
false, shares, thoughts, feelings
only one, many, share
only one, emergency
Di__ of re__:
- Belief that o__ will h__.
“Someone else will call the p__, so I don’t h__ to.”
diffusion, responsibility
others, help
police, have
Overcoming the Bystander Effect:
- No__.
- Presence of others can be d__.
- Can suffer from s__ overload. - In__.
- As a__ increases, likelihood of h__ decreases
- People in conflict are often assumed to k__ one another!
- Fight p__ i___! - Taking r__ for providing help.
- Resist c__!
- Be less a__. - Deciding h__ to help.
- Feeling c__ that you c__, in fact, help. - P__ that help.
- Realizing au__ in__.
- Realizing it’s not really a p__.
noticing
distracting
stimulus
interpreting
ambiguity, helping
know
pluralistic ignorance
responsibility
conformity
anonymous
how
competent, can
providing
audience inhibition
problem
When do people help?
- When there is __ deindividuation.
Deindividuation: “L__ one’s s__ in the c__.” Feeling less
personal r__.
- People are less likely to help at n__.
- S__ baiting increase at n__ and when buildings are t__.
~ Less likely to be r__.
less
losing, self, crowd
responsibility
night
suicide, night, tall
recognized
When do people help?
- When people are in a p__ m__.
- Cu__ (1979) found that people in Minneapolis were more likely to help experimenters complete a survey when the w__was pleasant.
- Ba__ (1997) – People approached others in a mall by Albany, NY and asked them for change of a d__. Those who were closer to areas that s__ good were __ likely to help!
positive mood
Cunningham, weather
Baron, dollar, smelled, more
When do people help?
- When people feel g__.
- Guilt often motivates the need to e__ the s__ through h__.
- Cunningham et al., (1980) – Found that people who were led to believe they b__ another person’s camera were __ likely (t__) to h__ a woman who happened to be walking by and dropped her stack of papers.
guilty
enhance, self, helping
broke, more, twice, help
Where do people help?
-People are more likely to engage in a v__ of h__ acts in __ as opposed to __ settings.
variety, helpful, rural, urban
Columbus, OH ranked __th overall in helping (Levine et al., 1994).
- Picking up a p__.
- Helping someone on c__.
- B__ person crossing.
- Contributions to U__ Way.
- M__ a lost letter.
- Providing c__.
12th
pen crutches blind united mailing change
Where do people help?
- Ro__, NY
- Ho__, TX
- Na__, TN
- Me__, TN
- Kn__, TN
- Lo__, KY
- S_. L__, MO
- De__, MI
- E. La__, MI
- Ch__, TN
rochester houston nashville Memphis Knoxville louisville st. louis detroit E. Lansing Chattanooga
