Intro and Methods Flashcards
What is Social Psychology?
- Scientific study of how we f__ about, t__ about, and b__ toward the people around us and how our f__, t__, and b__ are i__ by those people.
feel, think, behave
feelings, thoughts, behaviors, influenced
Social Psychology (SP) is characterized by:
- Use of s__ m__.
- Focuses on t__, f__, and b__.
- Discovery of f__ t__.
scientific method
thoughts, feelings, behavior
fundamental theories
The more a__ a person feels, the more likely he/she will act i__.
When judging a person, a person will first use s__, and then c__ for s__.
anonymous, immorally
stereotypes, correct, stereotypes
Several Important Dates
1__:
- N__ T__ carried out first e__ in social psychology.
- Noticed that bike racers raced faster against o__ p__ than against the c__.
- What are the effects of other people on a person’s p__?
1__:
- Two textbooks written with ‘S__ P__’ in the title
- E__ R__ and W__ M__
1__’s:
-K__ L__’s Field Theory B=f(P,E)
- P = Person’s p__ – an i__ difference factor
- E = Person’s e__ – the s__ situation
1898
Norman Triplett, experiment
other people, clock
performance
1908
social psychology
edward ross, william mcdougall
1930’s
Kurt Lewin’s
personality, individual
environment, social
Several Important Dates
1__’s:
- L__ and F__ refine e__ approach
- A__ research become prominent
1__’s
- L__ and D__ study h__; M__ studies o__.
1__’s
- Emphasis on c__ and specifically s__ c__.
- Models of a__ c__ become widely tested and expanded.
1__’s
-S__ and r__ become hot area within social psychology
1__’s – 2__’s
- A__ cognitions
- Social n__
- Social psychology explores h__ and h__.
1950’s
Lewin, Festinger, experimental
attribution
1960’s
Latane, Darley, helping
Milgram, obedience
1980’s
cognition, social cognition
attitude change
1990’s
stereotyping, research
1990’s-2000’s
automatic
neuroscience
happiness, health
Social Psychology Today:
- S__ psychology vs. P__ psychology in defining the cause of human t__, f__, and b__.
- Primacy of s__ s__.
social, personality, thoughts, feelings, behavior
social situation
Social Psychology Today
Automatic vs. Controlled processing:
- D__-p__ theory of cognition (both a__ and c__ thoughts).
- e__ vs. i__ attitudes can differ
- Freudian u__ vs. modern n__-c__ (Bargh, 1984)
E__, Outside of a__, U__, U__.
dual-process, automatic, controlled
explicit, implicit
unconscious, non-conscious
efficient, awareness, uncontrollable, unintentional
Social Psychology Today:
Culture:
-Against the backdrop of human u__, there are the unique d__ associated with c__.
~A group of p__, normally within a g__ region, who share
common social n__, including r__ and f__ values and m__ beliefs.
Social norms:
-The ways of t__, f__, or b__ that are shared by g__ members and p__ by them as a__.
- Cultures can be described as i__ or c__.
- I__ within those cultures can be described as more i__ or i__
universals, differences, culture
people, geo, norms, religious, family, moral
thinking, feeling, behaving, group, perceived, appropriate
individualist, collectivistic
individuals, independent, interdependent
Main purpose of social psychology?
-Above all, Social Psychology seeks to p__, and not just e__ social t__ or social b__.
predict, explain, thought, behavior
Hindsight Bias:
Hindsight bias
-The t__ to think that we could have p__ something that we probably would n__ have been able to predict.
- Cannot rely on h__ explanations (explanations created a__-the-f__).
- When given an o__, we can easily come up with e__ as to how each one could be t__.
Determining which explanations are correct…
- Need for the s__ method.
- Need to understand some basics about p__.
tendency, predicted, not
hindsight, after-the-fact
outcome, explanations, true
scientific
probability
The Scientific Method:
H__:
-A theory is:
~ A statement l__ k__ facts, and p__ n__ facts.
ex: Theory of s__ l__ for a__.
-A hypothesis is: ~ A specific p\_\_ about the r\_\_ between the v\_\_ of interest and about the specific d\_\_ of that relationship. -S\_\_ -T\_\_ - F\_\_
Hypothesize
linking, known, predicting, new
social learning, aggression
prediction, relationship, variables, direction
- specific
- testable
- falsifiable
The Scientific Method:
O__:
-Operational definitions are:
~The particular m__ that we use to m__ a v__ of interest.
~That is, we start with a c__ variable which is the c__ or c__ we are trying to measure and then create an o__ definiton of that.
ex:
Conceptual variable: Sarah likes Robert.
-2 measured variables:
operationalize
method, measure, variable
conceptual, concept, characteristic, operational
Sarah says, “i like Robert!”-self-report measure
Sarah spends a lot of time with Robert-behavioral measure
The Scientific Method:
Measure:
-Measurement is:
~Q__ (putting a n__) to a c__.
~ S__-report measures
-Measures in which an i__ is asked to r__ to q__.
~B__ measures
- Measures what people actually d__.
~N__ measurements
- E__, f__.
Measure
quantifying, number, construct
self
individual, respond, questions
behavioral
do
neuroscience
EEG, fMRI
The Scientific Method:
E__:
Evaluating is:
-When all is said and done, what do the numbers m__?
-using s__ to determine if d__ are s__.
evaluate
mean
statistics, differences, significant
The Scientific Method:
R__ and/or R__:
- Revising and Replicating is:
~Identifying w__/c__ in the study.
~Replicating the study (p__ it again, under slightly different c__) to see if the c__ hold.
-Can other people replicate your study?
~If yes–>Very __.
~ If no–>Very __.
revise/replicate
weakness, confounds
performing, conditions, conclusions
good
bad
Methods in Psychology
- Research Designs:
~ E__
~ C__
~ O__/D__ - Setting
~ f__
~ l__
-Data collection methods
~ s__-r__
~ o__
experimental
correlational
observational/descriptive
field
laboratory
self-report
observational
Experimental Design:
-Experimental research
~ Research designs that include the m__ of a
given s__ or e__ for t__ or more groups of participants who are initially created to be e__, followed by a m__ of the e__ of that experience.
-One variable is c__ by the e__.
~ e.g., whether or not people are p__.
~ __ Variable
- The other variable is o__ and m__.
~ e.g., participant r__
~ __ Variable
manipulation, situation, experience, two, equivalent, measurement, effect
controlled, experimenter
primed
independent
observed, measured
responses
dependent
Typical Experiment Format:
-100 r__ s__ people
~__ people r__ assigned to experimental groups (g__ treatment)
~__ people r__ assigned to control group (n__ g__ treatment)
-M__ outcomes of two groups and c__.
randomly selected
50, randomly, given
50, randomly, not given
measure, compare
Experimental Design:
- C__ Group – receives no t__.
- Variations on Experimental Designs:
~W__-s__ experiment - d__ levels of the IV are given to the s__ subject
~B__-g__ experiment - d__ levels of the IV are applied to d__ groups of subjects
control, treatment
within-subject, different, same
between-groups, different, different
Factorial Designs:
-E__ designs that have t__ or more __ variables.
experimental, two, independent
Experimental Design:
- Random selection: every member of the p__ being s__ should have an e__ chance of being s__ for the study
- Random assignment: every s__ in the s__ should have an e__ chance of being placed in either the e__ or c__ group
population, studied, equal, selected
subject, study, equal, experimental, control
Correlational study
- Collects a set of f__ organized into t__ or more categories and searches for and tests h__ about the r__ between those v__.
~ex: e__ levels and total n__ w__. - Correlational studies do not m__ any factor.
- Examine the r__ between categories
- Correlation reveals r__ among f__.
~ e.g., on average, people with m__ education have a g__ net worth.
facts, two, hypotheses, relationships, variables
education, net worth
manipulate
relation
relationships, facts
more, greater
Correlational Study:
- When to use a correlational study?
~ When e__ may prevent an e__.
~ When collecting e__ data is i__.
~ C__.
ethics, experiment
experimental, impossible
convenience
Correlational Study:
- C__ DOES NOT IMPLY C__.
- Does education CAUSE higher net worth?
- Does drinking lemonade cause people to drown?
~ NOT NECESSARILY!!! - May be an u__ common factor.
~ e.g., wealthy people can afford education, and are therefore wealthier to start with
~ As temperature increases, more people drink lemonade and also swim
correlation, causation
unmeasured
Correlational Studies:
Example:
-I want to examine whether or not number of siblings in a family is related to elementary school performance. How could I study this?
~ In some cases, e__ or i__ make experiments impossible.
-Correlational studies measure the r__ between t__ different variables (In this case __ and __).
~ Can NOT infer c__
~ Typically a number of e__ for a c__ result.
ethics, impracticality
relationship, two #of siblings, GPA
causality
explanations, correlational
Correlation Coefficient:
- Pearson’s correlation coefficient
~ Statistic used to summarize the a__ between t__ variables. - Can be positive (max +.)
- Negative (min -.)
- Or not related! (~ .)
~ _ is the letter to denote a correlation coefficient
-1≤ r ≤ +1
association, two
+1.00
- 1.00
0. 0
r
Observational/Descriptive Research:
-Observational research:
~ Research that involves making observations of b__ and recording those observations in an o__ manner.
~ Does not predict what may i__ the f__.
~ May or may not include n__ data.
- Example: measure the _ of new students from __-__-__ each year since 1980
- 3 basic types:
~ C__ s__
~ S__
~ N__ o__
behavior, objective
influence, facts
numerical
%, out-of-state
case study
survey
naturalistic observation
Measures used in Descriptive Studies:
- Mean - the arithmetic a__.
- Median - the c__ score.
- Mode - the score that o__ the m__.
average
center
occurs, most
Research Settings:
- Laboratory
~ Settings in which the experimenter has c__ over c__ (l__, t__, etc.) - Pros
~ C__, introduces no c__.
~ C__ from experiment to experiment. - Cons
~ May not be entirely r__.
~ Can be e__, or difficult to a__ laboratory space.
control, conditions, lighting, temperature
control, confounds
consistent
realistic
expensive, acquire
Research Settings:
- Field
~ Settings that are o__ of the l__. - Pros
~ More r__. - Cons
~ Harder to control e__ factors
outside, laboratory
realistic
extraneous
Interpreting Research:
- Validity
- Internal validity (partially relies on r__ a__)
~ Extent to which a study ensures that m__ of a v__ occurred and that other, alternative e__ can be r__ out.
- study guide ex
random assignment
manipulation, variable, explanations, ruled
- Case of study guide vs.no study guide
Interpreting Research:
- Validity
- External validity (partially relies on r__ s__)
~ Extent to which r__ can be expected to h__ up when they are t__ again in different w__ and for different p__.
random sampling
relationships, hold, tested, ways, people
Mediator
- A variable that i__ within the r__ between t__ other variables, and when added,
r__ the original relationship.
- Example
clouds example explain - __ is the mediator
intervenes, relationship, two, reduces
- Example
~ Clouds in the sky–>grass grows
~ Clouds in the sky–>rain—>grass grows - Rain is the mediator
Moderator
- A variable that affects the
d__ and r__ between p__ and c__ variables.
- Ex. stress and symptoms
- __ is the moderator.
direction, relationship, predictor, criterion
Ex. Whether a person has high or low support determines the nature of the relationship between stress (predictor) and symptoms (criterion)
Support
Conclusions by Psychologists:
- P__:
~ Nothing found is ever __%
~ Rely on typical p__ that certain e__ will o__.
probabilistic
100
probabilities, events, occur
Probability:
Imagine flipping a coin 100 times = 1 ‘set,’ and then performing an infinite number of ‘sets.’
- Each ‘set’ produces one single point in a distribution.
- We’ll have what is called a b__ distribution that will likely fall into a b__ c__.
binomial, bell curve
