Social Cognition Flashcards
Social Cognition:
- The way people make s__ of p__, t__, and s__ in order to make d__ and j__.
sense, people, themselves, situations
decisions, judgments
Social cognition will be covered in three (3) major sections:
- S__ – the basic t__ of social cognition.
- A__ processing – The thinking we do that is outside of our a__ or c__.
- C__ processing – The thinking we do that is under our c__ (o__).
schemas, template
automatic, awareness, control
controlled, control, optional
Schemas defined:
- Mental ‘b__’ or e__ about o__, e__, or p__.
- Contain b__ knowledge.
- Schema – blueprint for a s__ object or person.
~ Object schemas – schemas for what p__ an object should h__.
~ Person schemas which are similar to s__.
~ Role schemas – Schemas for how you expect people in a certain r__ should b__ (how should a d__ act?)
blueprints, expectations, objects, events, people
basic
single
properties, have
stereotypes
role, behave, doctor
Schemas’ Function:
- Why do we have schemas? What function do they serve?
- Save mental e__
- Cognitive m__. - O__ (help organize incoming information)
- Schema-consistent events are better r__. - Guide a__
energy
misers
organization
remembered
attention
How do schemas help to save mental energy?
- Hypothesized that schemas (stereotypes) s__ information processing by allowing extra mental e__ to be channeled towards more in__, re__, or co__ thoughts.
- Had participants perform two (2) tasks simultaneously:
~ An i__ formation task (form an impression about a person based on several t__ presented)
e.g.,John, Aggressive, Closed-minded, etc. - M__ and r__ audio information coming from a tape-recording (information about Indonesia)
- “What is the largest night club in Jakarta?”
- Specific information about Indonesia
Results: People given s__ labels scored higher on the Indonesia q__ because they had more mental e__.
simplify, energy, interesting, rewarding, complex
impression, traits
monitor, remember
stereotypes, quiz, energy
How do schemas affect memory?
Affect w__ and the e__ with which we r__:
- Schema consistent information is generally __ to remember.
- Schema inconsistent information is generally __ to remember.
C__ bias
False C__ bias
-P__ bias
Schemas also guide a__
what, ease, remember
easier
harder
confirmation
consensus, projection
attention
Schemas:
Guiding Attention and Evaluation:
Stone et al., 1997
Conducted a X study
Asked to evaluate: - A\_\_ abilities - I\_\_ performance - T\_\_ performance ~ Main effect for r\_\_!
2,2
athletic
individual
team
race
Two factors influence which schemas are used:
Accessibility:
- The e__ with which we can access a schema, or the
s__ with which we can access a schema.
- Schemas that are seen o__ become more a__.
Priming:
- Exposure to some environmental s__ that makes
certain s__ (and m__) more likely to be a__ and therefore influence the i__ of new information.
ease, speed
often, accessible
stimuli, schemas, memories, accessed, interpretation
How persistent are schemas?
- V__!!!!!!!
Ross, Lepper, and Hubbard (1975)
-Participants were told to guess whether or not suicide notes are real. After guessing, 1⁄2 were told they got __/25 correct, 1⁄2 were told they got __/25 correct. Each participant was then asked to guess how many they would get correct on a s__, equally d__ test.
P__ Effect:
- Many s__/b__ persist EVEN AFTER THEY ARE D__!!!!
very
10, 24, second, difficult
perseverance
schemas/beliefs, discredited
What happens when we act on our schemas?
R__ and J__ studies.
- S__-f__ prophecy
- The P__ Effect (children expected to b__ were treated d__ by teachers and they actually began p__ better).
rosenthal, jacobson
self-fulfilling
pygmalion, bloom, differently, performing
Final Words About Schemas:
- Humans tend to be e__, but a__.
- Help humans p__ and s__ information more q__ and e__.
- While often c__, they are also very frequently i__.
- Schemas can have profound i__ on both your o__ and o__’ lives.
- Tend to last a l__ time, even after d__.
efficient, approximate
process, store, quickly, efficiently
correct, incorrect
influences, own, others’
long, discredited
What is Automatic Processing?
Automatic Processing involves thoughts that are:
- Sp__
- Un__ (outside of a__)
- Outside of c__
Th__, be__ or em__ that require no t__!
Extreme a__ supporters question f__ will and argue all behavior and thought is r__.
spontaneous
unconscious, awareness
control
thoughts, behaviors, emotions, thought
automaticity, free, reflexive
Counterfactual Thinking (a__ the f__)
- Mentally u__ the p__. Imagining what m__ have b__.
- Events that are easily ‘u__’ tend to elicit more e__ reaction.
~ Nike’s advertisement, “You don’t w__ silver, you l__ gold.”
against, facts
undoing, past
might, been
undone, emotional
win, lose
Counterfactual thinking
- Thoughts about what c__ have h__.
E.g., “If only Republicans had nominated a d__ candidate, the race would have been much c__.”
Attributions are influenced again, not just by what a__ happened, but by what c__ have happened.
- E.g. – Winning lottery number
~ Wrong from the s__
~ First number was a w__ number, but then c__ it to a
non-winning number.
Emotional a__ – A more i__ emotional reaction if it a__ did not (or did) happen.
could, happened
different, closer
actually, could
start
winning, changed
amplification, intense, almost
Counterfactual Thinking:
Boss takes woman out to lunch to celebrate her promotion. Boss orders food, there is wine in it, and woman dies.
_ _ – What the boss considered ordering
- Condition 1 – Another dish that did not contain wine
- Condition 2 – Another dish that also contained wine_ _ – What role did the boss play in the cause of the woman’s death?
Results: People found boss more g__ if the alternative did n__ have wine.
IV
DV
guilty, not
Counterfactual Thinking:
Olympic medalists (Medvec, Madey, & Gilovich, 1995).
- Had raters examine facial expressions of podium athletes from __ Summer Olympics.
The __ winner looked the least happy because of counterfactual thinking of being so close to getting the __.
1992
silver, gold
Examples of automatic thoughts or behaviors
- Ch__ effect
- Unconsciously m__ the b__ of o__.
~ Y__, foot-t__, s__ one’s head
chameleon
mimicking, behavior, others
yawning, tapping, scratching
Examples of automatic thoughts or behaviors
- Pr__
- The increased ac__ of certain at__/id__/sc__/ be__ based on ex__ to in__.
priming
accessibility, attitudes, ideas, schemas, behaviors, exposure, information
Priming Example: Time to Walk Down the Hall
-Bargh, Chen, & Burrows
Participants primed with thoughts of o__ p__ or in the c__ group.
-old prime group walked __.
old people, control
slower
Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg:
Subjects thought for _ minutes about:
- a p__ (i__ prime)
- a s__ (c__ prime)
- n__ (t__ control)
They were then asked __ trivia questions…
The __ group with the __ prime answered the most correctly, followed by the t__ c__ group, and then s__.
5
professor, intelligent
secretary, control
nothing, total
42
professor, intelligent, total control, secretaries
Examples of automatic thoughts or behaviors:
- Heuristics
– Mental s__ or information
processing r__ of t__ that are q__ and e__, but not always a__.
a. Availability heuristic
b. Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
c. Representativeness heuristic/base-rate fallacy
d. False consensus effect
E. Positive vs. negative framing
heuristics
shortcuts, rules, thumb, quick, easy, accurate
Availability Heuristic:
- A tendency to estimate the l__ of an event based on how e__ instances of it come to m__ or how v__ it is.
-Rates of f__ plummeted after the / tragedy.
Judgments can be affected more by vi__ ex__
than by ha__ fa__.
likelihood, easily, mind, vivid
flying, 9/11
vivid examples, hard facts
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic:
A tendency to use a v__ or n__ as a s__ point, or an ‘a__,’ and f__ to a__ adequately from that s__ point.
Anchoring values may be a__, causing assessments to be grossly i__.
- Estimate 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8 = vs. 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1=
__ vs. __ (real number is 40,320)
value, number, starting, anchor, failing, adjust, starting
arbitrary, incorrect
512, 2250
Representativeness Heuristic
- A tendency to c__ something based on how s__ it is to some p__ and overlooking b__-r__ (base-p__).
Co__ Fallacy: when it is assumed that s__ conditions are more p__ than a s__ general one.
(i.e. saying woman is more likely to be a bank teller AND an active feminist than just being a bank teller).
classify, similar, prototype, base-rates, probabilities
conjunction, specific, probable, single
Several Examples of Automatic Thought:
- B__
- E__ in t__ that often lead to i__ answers.
E.g., W__ Bias
-In self paced version, accuracy was __ regardless of race. In fast response version, participants detected guns __ in the presence of a black face. In the snap judgment condition, race shaped people’s mistakes specifically with __ faces and f__ positives for a g__.
biases
errors, thinking, incorrect
weapons
high
faster
black, false, gun
False Consensus Effect:
- Believing others s__ your o__ or b__.
share, opinions, beliefs
Final Thoughts about Automatic Processing:
Take-home points:
- Far more pervasive than previously thought
- The link between automatic t__ and b__ is fairly s__.
- While some automatic behaviors may b__ as
a__, others b__ automatic after r__.
~ Sh__
~ D__ to work - Occurs r__, but can be e__ prone.
_ Automatic processes are not all g__ or all b__—they
serve an important f__ in some s__, but may not always be a__.
pervasive
thought, behavior, strong
begin, automatic, become, repetition
showering
driving
rapidly, error
good, bad, function, situations, accurate
