Social Cognition Flashcards
Social Cognition:
- The way people make s__ of p__, t__, and s__ in order to make d__ and j__.
sense, people, themselves, situations
decisions, judgments
Social cognition will be covered in three (3) major sections:
- S__ – the basic t__ of social cognition.
- A__ processing – The thinking we do that is outside of our a__ or c__.
- C__ processing – The thinking we do that is under our c__ (o__).
schemas, template
automatic, awareness, control
controlled, control, optional
Schemas defined:
- Mental ‘b__’ or e__ about o__, e__, or p__.
- Contain b__ knowledge.
- Schema – blueprint for a s__ object or person.
~ Object schemas – schemas for what p__ an object should h__.
~ Person schemas which are similar to s__.
~ Role schemas – Schemas for how you expect people in a certain r__ should b__ (how should a d__ act?)
blueprints, expectations, objects, events, people
basic
single
properties, have
stereotypes
role, behave, doctor
Schemas’ Function:
- Why do we have schemas? What function do they serve?
- Save mental e__
- Cognitive m__. - O__ (help organize incoming information)
- Schema-consistent events are better r__. - Guide a__
energy
misers
organization
remembered
attention
How do schemas help to save mental energy?
- Hypothesized that schemas (stereotypes) s__ information processing by allowing extra mental e__ to be channeled towards more in__, re__, or co__ thoughts.
- Had participants perform two (2) tasks simultaneously:
~ An i__ formation task (form an impression about a person based on several t__ presented)
e.g.,John, Aggressive, Closed-minded, etc. - M__ and r__ audio information coming from a tape-recording (information about Indonesia)
- “What is the largest night club in Jakarta?”
- Specific information about Indonesia
Results: People given s__ labels scored higher on the Indonesia q__ because they had more mental e__.
simplify, energy, interesting, rewarding, complex
impression, traits
monitor, remember
stereotypes, quiz, energy
How do schemas affect memory?
Affect w__ and the e__ with which we r__:
- Schema consistent information is generally __ to remember.
- Schema inconsistent information is generally __ to remember.
C__ bias
False C__ bias
-P__ bias
Schemas also guide a__
what, ease, remember
easier
harder
confirmation
consensus, projection
attention
Schemas:
Guiding Attention and Evaluation:
Stone et al., 1997
Conducted a X study
Asked to evaluate: - A\_\_ abilities - I\_\_ performance - T\_\_ performance ~ Main effect for r\_\_!
2,2
athletic
individual
team
race
Two factors influence which schemas are used:
Accessibility:
- The e__ with which we can access a schema, or the
s__ with which we can access a schema.
- Schemas that are seen o__ become more a__.
Priming:
- Exposure to some environmental s__ that makes
certain s__ (and m__) more likely to be a__ and therefore influence the i__ of new information.
ease, speed
often, accessible
stimuli, schemas, memories, accessed, interpretation
How persistent are schemas?
- V__!!!!!!!
Ross, Lepper, and Hubbard (1975)
-Participants were told to guess whether or not suicide notes are real. After guessing, 1⁄2 were told they got __/25 correct, 1⁄2 were told they got __/25 correct. Each participant was then asked to guess how many they would get correct on a s__, equally d__ test.
P__ Effect:
- Many s__/b__ persist EVEN AFTER THEY ARE D__!!!!
very
10, 24, second, difficult
perseverance
schemas/beliefs, discredited
What happens when we act on our schemas?
R__ and J__ studies.
- S__-f__ prophecy
- The P__ Effect (children expected to b__ were treated d__ by teachers and they actually began p__ better).
rosenthal, jacobson
self-fulfilling
pygmalion, bloom, differently, performing
Final Words About Schemas:
- Humans tend to be e__, but a__.
- Help humans p__ and s__ information more q__ and e__.
- While often c__, they are also very frequently i__.
- Schemas can have profound i__ on both your o__ and o__’ lives.
- Tend to last a l__ time, even after d__.
efficient, approximate
process, store, quickly, efficiently
correct, incorrect
influences, own, others’
long, discredited
What is Automatic Processing?
Automatic Processing involves thoughts that are:
- Sp__
- Un__ (outside of a__)
- Outside of c__
Th__, be__ or em__ that require no t__!
Extreme a__ supporters question f__ will and argue all behavior and thought is r__.
spontaneous
unconscious, awareness
control
thoughts, behaviors, emotions, thought
automaticity, free, reflexive
Counterfactual Thinking (a__ the f__)
- Mentally u__ the p__. Imagining what m__ have b__.
- Events that are easily ‘u__’ tend to elicit more e__ reaction.
~ Nike’s advertisement, “You don’t w__ silver, you l__ gold.”
against, facts
undoing, past
might, been
undone, emotional
win, lose
Counterfactual thinking
- Thoughts about what c__ have h__.
E.g., “If only Republicans had nominated a d__ candidate, the race would have been much c__.”
Attributions are influenced again, not just by what a__ happened, but by what c__ have happened.
- E.g. – Winning lottery number
~ Wrong from the s__
~ First number was a w__ number, but then c__ it to a
non-winning number.
Emotional a__ – A more i__ emotional reaction if it a__ did not (or did) happen.
could, happened
different, closer
actually, could
start
winning, changed
amplification, intense, almost
Counterfactual Thinking:
Boss takes woman out to lunch to celebrate her promotion. Boss orders food, there is wine in it, and woman dies.
_ _ – What the boss considered ordering
- Condition 1 – Another dish that did not contain wine
- Condition 2 – Another dish that also contained wine_ _ – What role did the boss play in the cause of the woman’s death?
Results: People found boss more g__ if the alternative did n__ have wine.
IV
DV
guilty, not
