Groups and Group Processes Flashcards
Definition of a “Group”
- Group:
At least _ people i__ with each other.
-People in groups:
~ Are i__.
~ M__ i__ one another
~ Individuals of all c__ form groups
2, interacting
interdependent
mutually influence
cultures
Reasons for joining groups:
- S__
~ E__ argument (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) - I__
~ I__ influence
~ Helps define social n__ for appropriate b__. - A__
~ S__ hypothesis (Leary et al., 1999)
~when individuals feel r__-or anticipate they might be e__ in the future-they experience a specific profile of feelings, manifested as a decline in s__ e__.
survival, evolutionary
information, informational, norms, behavior
affiliation, sociometer
rejected, excluded, self esteem
Qualities about Groups:
- E__: perception of a group as pure e__, abstracted from its attendant i__.
- I__ norms: the perception of what o__ to be, perceptions of what is a__ or d__ by others.
~Prescriptive: Prescriptive norms constitute the model of expected __ behavior.
-ex.
~ Proscriptive: They exist to guide individuals away from behaviors considered d__ or i__ by mainstream culture
-ex.
- Social roles
- Pros of social roles:
~ Decrease a__ about how to a__.
~ People tend to report feeling __ when acting in accordance with g__ roles - Cons to social roles:
~ Roles can impose l__.
~ Negative attitudes result for those who v__ prescribed roles
entiativity, entity, individuals
injunctive, ought, approved, disapproved
good, (Writing thank-you cards after receiving a gift)
disruptive, inappropriate, (Screaming or raising voices indoors)
ambiguity, act
better, gender
limits
violate
Qualities about Groups:
- Group c__:
~ Degree to which group members are b__ together and l__ each other.
cohesiveness
bound, like
Groupthink:
- A group d__-m__ style characterized by an excessive tendency among g__ members to seek c__.
- Emerges when the need for a__ takes priority over the motivation to obtain a__ information and make a__ decisions.
decision-making, group, concurrence
agreement, accurate, appropriate
Instances of Groupthink:
- K__ and the B_ of P_ Invasion
- J__’s administration and the increase in the number of .. soldiers fighting in V__.
- Believing there to be _ _ _ in I__.
kennedy, bay, pigs
johnson’s, U.S., Vietnam
WMD, Iraq
What Contributes to Groupthink?
- Highly c__ groups.
- Group s__.
- S__ situations.
- S__ i__ bias
~ Only discussing s__ information while u__ equally important information available to just a f__.
cohesive
structure
stressful
shared information, shared, underemphasizing, few
Behavioral Symptoms of Groupthink:
- O__ of the group.
- C__-m__.
- Increased pressures toward u__.
overestimation
closed-mindedness
uniformity
Preventing Groupthink:
- To avoid i__, groups should consult widely with o__.
- To reduce c__ pressures, leaders should explicitly encourage c__ and not take a s__ stand early in the group d__.
- To establish a strong norm of c__ review:
~ S__ should s__ discuss the same i__.
~ Someone should be assigned to play d__’s a__.
~ A “s__ c__” meeting should be held to r__ the decision before it is i__.
isolation, outsiders
conformity, criticism, strong, discussion
critical
subgroups, separately, issue
devil’s advocate
second chance, reconsider, implemented
Group Polarization:
- Phenomena where attitudes held by an i__ become more e__ than they were before the g__ began discussing the topic.
- Occurs when around l__-m__ individuals
~ Exposure to p__ messages
~ Social c__ and wanting to appear “more r__” by becoming more e__.
Myers and Kaplan (1976) had students assess guilt or innocence of traffic defendants
- Two IVs: Strong vs. Weak; Group discussion vs. no group discussion.
~Those with group discussion took a __ stance in their assessment of guilt/innocence.
individual, extreme, group
like-minded
persuasive
comparison, right, extreme
stronger
Group Polarization and SNS:
- SNS; an opportunity to seek diversity or echo chamber?
~ D__ model vs. B__ p__ model - Results: participation in radical and ideologically h__ groups __ extremism.
~__ model
~extremity occurred even with dissimilar off- line s__ m__.
deliberative, biased processing
homogeneous, increased
biased
social milieus
Pluralistic Ignorance:
-Pluralistic ignorance occurs when we p__ reject a social norm yet f__believe others a__ this norm
~ example statement
privately, falsely, accept
“I don’t think that was right, but I’m pretty sure I’m in the minority and other people are ok with it.”
Social Influences on Behavior:
- Kurt Lewin’s ‘E\_\_’ – Field Theory B=f(P,E) the \_\_=b the \_\_ \_\_=f the \_\_=p the \_\_=e.
- Social I__ Theory ~Latane (1981)
~ Social Influence = f (n__, i__, s__)
eggs behavior function of person environment
impact, number, immediacy, strength
Social Influences on Behavior:
- Social Facilitation:
~ __ in performance when in the presence of
o__. - Social Inhibition
~ __ in performance when in the presence of others.
increase, others
decrease, others
Social Facilitation:
- Cockroaches will perform b__ on a __ maze in front of o__ cockroaches!
Zajonc, Heingartner &Herman(1969)
IV: P__ of other cockroaches in clear audience box or not. Maze is h__ or e__.
- DV: T__ to run the maze.
- Has generalized to a__ and h__, too!
better, simple, other
presence, hard, easy
time
ants, humans
Why does social facilitation occur?
Mere Presence Theory:
~ The mere p__ of o__ is sufficient to produce social facilitation.
- P__–>a__
- Evaluation Apprehension Theory:
~ The presence of o__ will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential e__. - E__ apprehension–>a__Both theories capitalize on notion of __.
presence, others, people–>arousal
others, evaluators, evaluation–>arousal
arousal
Social Inhibition:
- Cockroaches will perform better in front of other cockroaches— BUT ONLY IF THE MAZE IS __!
Zajonc,Heingartner&Herman (1969)
_ _: Presence of other cockroaches, difficulty of the maze.
_ _:Time to complete the maze
easy
IV
DV
Distraction-Conflict theory:
- Why does the mere presence of others increase arousal?
~ Being a__ of another person’s presence creates a c__.
~ Attending to other p__(s)
~ Attending to one’s own g__
~ Attentional c__ = a__
- Ultimately humans respond in ways that are not always p__ suggesting c__ models don’t offer c__ explanations.
aware, conflict
person
goal
conflict=arousing
predictable, current, complete
Social Loafing is:
- D__ in performance when in the presence of o__ and one believes i__ efforts are not being m__.
~ A g__-produced r__ in i__ output on e__ tasks in which contributions are p__.
decrease, others, individual, monitored
group, reduction, individual, easy, pooled
Social Loafing:
Jackson and Williams (1985)
- Paradigm: Had participants work on either a difficult or a simple maze that appeared on a computer screen. They were told another person was doing the exact same maze.
IV:Whether part. were told they would be c__ against the other person or told their scores would be a__. Also manipulated was the difficulty of the maze (easy vs. difficult).
DV:Time to complete maze
Results: performed __ on the difficult task when not evaluated and __ on the easy task when not evaluated.
compared, averaged
better, worse
Social loafing is NOT likely when:
~ People believe that their o__ performances can be i__ and thus e__, by t__ or by o__.
~ The task is i__ or m__ to those p__ it.
~ People believe that their own e__ are necessary for a s__ outcome.
own, identified, evaluated, themselves, others
important, meaningful, performing
efforts, successful
Social loafing is NOT likely when (continued):
- The group expects to be p__ for p__ performance.
- The group is s__.
- The group is c__.
punished, poor
small
cohesive
Why Does Social Loafing Occur?
- C__ E__ Model:
Individuals try hard on a c__ task when they think their e__ will help them achieve o__ they p__ value.
~ If outcome is i__ and one believes one can h__ achieve the d__ outcome, the i__ is likely to engage in s__ c__.
~ If outcome is n__ important or one feels unable to c__ enough for anticipated s__ l__ of others, then the individual will exert __ effort (“s__ effect”).
collective effort
collective, efforts, outcomes, personally
important, help, desired, individual, social compensation
not, compensate, social loafing, less, sucker
Deindividuation:
The loss of a person’s sense of i__ and the reduction of normal c__ against d__ behavior .
- Deindividuation is a c__ phenomenon that only occurs in the presence of o__.
individuality, constraints, deviant
collective, others
Causes of Deindividuation – D__ Process
Accountability cues:
- affect the person’s c__-r__ calculations.
- When accountability is __, people may deliberately engage in g__ but typically t__ behaviors.
Attentional cues:
- focus a person’s attention away from the s__.
- person attends less to i__ standards of c__, reacts more to the i__ situation, and is __ sensitive to long-term c__ of behavior.
dual
cost-reward, low, gratifying, taboo
self
internal, conduct, immediate, less, consequences
Causes of Deindividuation - Tangible:
Number of people in a crowd:
- Analyzed 60 lynchings b/w 1899-1946 and found the __ the number of people, the __ the savagery.
Lighting:
-Found suicide baiting was more likely to occur in __ cities and after n__.
Presence of Uniforms:
- Z__ study
- 1987 study found children in uniform played more a__ than children in plain clothes.
- individuals using some type of h__ identity tended to k__, t__, and m__ more (football players, war paint, war masks, masquerades).
greater, greater
large, nightfall
zimbardo
aggressively
hidden, kill, torture, mutilate
