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Social Psych > Groups and Group Processes > Flashcards

Groups and Group Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a “Group”

  • Group:
    At least _ people i__ with each other.

-People in groups:
~ Are i__.
~ M__ i__ one another
~ Individuals of all c__ form groups

A

2, interacting

interdependent
mutually influence
cultures

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2
Q

Reasons for joining groups:

  • S__
    ~ E__ argument (Baumeister & Leary, 1995)
  • I__
    ~ I__ influence
    ~ Helps define social n__ for appropriate b__.
  • A__
    ~ S__ hypothesis (Leary et al., 1999)
    ~when individuals feel r__-or anticipate they might be e__ in the future-they experience a specific profile of feelings, manifested as a decline in s__ e__.
A

survival, evolutionary

information, informational, norms, behavior

affiliation, sociometer
rejected, excluded, self esteem

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3
Q

Qualities about Groups:

  • E__: perception of a group as pure e__, abstracted from its attendant i__.
  • I__ norms: the perception of what o__ to be, perceptions of what is a__ or d__ by others.

~Prescriptive: Prescriptive norms constitute the model of expected __ behavior.
-ex.

~ Proscriptive: They exist to guide individuals away from behaviors considered d__ or i__ by mainstream culture
-ex.

  • Social roles
  • Pros of social roles:
    ~ Decrease a__ about how to a__.
    ~ People tend to report feeling __ when acting in accordance with g__ roles
  • Cons to social roles:
    ~ Roles can impose l__.
    ~ Negative attitudes result for those who v__ prescribed roles
A

entiativity, entity, individuals

injunctive, ought, approved, disapproved

good, (Writing thank-you cards after receiving a gift)

disruptive, inappropriate, (Screaming or raising voices indoors)

ambiguity, act

better, gender

limits
violate

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4
Q

Qualities about Groups:

  • Group c__:
    ~ Degree to which group members are b__ together and l__ each other.
A

cohesiveness

bound, like

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5
Q

Groupthink:
- A group d__-m__ style characterized by an excessive tendency among g__ members to seek c__.

  • Emerges when the need for a__ takes priority over the motivation to obtain a__ information and make a__ decisions.
A

decision-making, group, concurrence

agreement, accurate, appropriate

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6
Q

Instances of Groupthink:

  • K__ and the B_ of P_ Invasion
  • J__’s administration and the increase in the number of .. soldiers fighting in V__.
  • Believing there to be _ _ _ in I__.
A

kennedy, bay, pigs

johnson’s, U.S., Vietnam

WMD, Iraq

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7
Q

What Contributes to Groupthink?

  • Highly c__ groups.
  • Group s__.
  • S__ situations.
  • S__ i__ bias
    ~ Only discussing s__ information while u__ equally important information available to just a f__.
A

cohesive

structure

stressful

shared information, shared, underemphasizing, few

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8
Q

Behavioral Symptoms of Groupthink:

  • O__ of the group.
  • C__-m__.
  • Increased pressures toward u__.
A

overestimation

closed-mindedness

uniformity

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9
Q

Preventing Groupthink:

  • To avoid i__, groups should consult widely with o__.
  • To reduce c__ pressures, leaders should explicitly encourage c__ and not take a s__ stand early in the group d__.
  • To establish a strong norm of c__ review:
    ~ S__ should s__ discuss the same i__.
    ~ Someone should be assigned to play d__’s a__.
    ~ A “s__ c__” meeting should be held to r__ the decision before it is i__.
A

isolation, outsiders

conformity, criticism, strong, discussion

critical

subgroups, separately, issue

devil’s advocate

second chance, reconsider, implemented

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10
Q

Group Polarization:

  • Phenomena where attitudes held by an i__ become more e__ than they were before the g__ began discussing the topic.
  • Occurs when around l__-m__ individuals
    ~ Exposure to p__ messages
    ~ Social c__ and wanting to appear “more r__” by becoming more e__.

Myers and Kaplan (1976) had students assess guilt or innocence of traffic defendants
- Two IVs: Strong vs. Weak; Group discussion vs. no group discussion.
~Those with group discussion took a __ stance in their assessment of guilt/innocence.

A

individual, extreme, group

like-minded

persuasive

comparison, right, extreme

stronger

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11
Q

Group Polarization and SNS:

  • SNS; an opportunity to seek diversity or echo chamber?
    ~ D__ model vs. B__ p__ model
  • Results: participation in radical and ideologically h__ groups __ extremism.
    ~__ model
    ~extremity occurred even with dissimilar off- line s__ m__.
A

deliberative, biased processing

homogeneous, increased

biased

social milieus

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12
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance:

-Pluralistic ignorance occurs when we p__ reject a social norm yet f__believe others a__ this norm

~ example statement

A

privately, falsely, accept

“I don’t think that was right, but I’m pretty sure I’m in the minority and other people are ok with it.”

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13
Q

Social Influences on Behavior:

-  Kurt Lewin’s ‘E\_\_’ – Field Theory 
  B=f(P,E)
the \_\_=b
the \_\_ \_\_=f
 the \_\_=p 
 the \_\_=e.
  • Social I__ Theory ~Latane (1981)
    ~ Social Influence = f (n__, i__, s__)
A 
eggs
behavior
function of
person
environment

impact, number, immediacy, strength

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14
Q

Social Influences on Behavior:

  • Social Facilitation:
    ~ __ in performance when in the presence of
    o__.
  • Social Inhibition
    ~ __ in performance when in the presence of others.
A

increase, others

decrease, others

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15
Q

Social Facilitation:

  • Cockroaches will perform b__ on a __ maze in front of o__ cockroaches!

Zajonc, Heingartner &Herman(1969)
IV: P__ of other cockroaches in clear audience box or not. Maze is h__ or e__.
- DV: T__ to run the maze.
- Has generalized to a__ and h__, too!

A

better, simple, other

presence, hard, easy

time

ants, humans

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16
Q

Why does social facilitation occur?

Mere Presence Theory:
~ The mere p__ of o__ is sufficient to produce social facilitation.
- P__–>a__

  • Evaluation Apprehension Theory:
    ~ The presence of o__ will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential e__.
  • E__ apprehension–>a__Both theories capitalize on notion of __.
A

presence, others, people–>arousal

others, evaluators, evaluation–>arousal

arousal

17
Q

Social Inhibition:

  • Cockroaches will perform better in front of other cockroaches— BUT ONLY IF THE MAZE IS __!

Zajonc,Heingartner&Herman (1969)
_ _: Presence of other cockroaches, difficulty of the maze.

_ _:Time to complete the maze

A

easy

IV

DV

18
Q

Distraction-Conflict theory:

  • Why does the mere presence of others increase arousal?
    ~ Being a__ of another person’s presence creates a c__.

~ Attending to other p__(s)
~ Attending to one’s own g__
~ Attentional c__ = a__

  • Ultimately humans respond in ways that are not always p__ suggesting c__ models don’t offer c__ explanations.
A

aware, conflict

person
goal
conflict=arousing

predictable, current, complete

19
Q

Social Loafing is:

  • D__ in performance when in the presence of o__ and one believes i__ efforts are not being m__.

~ A g__-produced r__ in i__ output on e__ tasks in which contributions are p__.

A

decrease, others, individual, monitored

group, reduction, individual, easy, pooled

20
Q

Social Loafing:

Jackson and Williams (1985)
- Paradigm: Had participants work on either a difficult or a simple maze that appeared on a computer screen. They were told another person was doing the exact same maze.

IV:Whether part. were told they would be c__ against the other person or told their scores would be a__. Also manipulated was the difficulty of the maze (easy vs. difficult).

DV:Time to complete maze

Results: performed __ on the difficult task when not evaluated and __ on the easy task when not evaluated.

A

compared, averaged

better, worse

21
Q

Social loafing is NOT likely when:

~ People believe that their o__ performances can be i__ and thus e__, by t__ or by o__.

~ The task is i__ or m__ to those p__ it.

~ People believe that their own e__ are necessary for a s__ outcome.

A

own, identified, evaluated, themselves, others

important, meaningful, performing

efforts, successful

22
Q

Social loafing is NOT likely when (continued):

  • The group expects to be p__ for p__ performance.
  • The group is s__.
  • The group is c__.
A

punished, poor

small

cohesive

23
Q

Why Does Social Loafing Occur?

  • C__ E__ Model:
    Individuals try hard on a c__ task when they think their e__ will help them achieve o__ they p__ value.

~ If outcome is i__ and one believes one can h__ achieve the d__ outcome, the i__ is likely to engage in s__ c__.

~ If outcome is n__ important or one feels unable to c__ enough for anticipated s__ l__ of others, then the individual will exert __ effort (“s__ effect”).

A

collective effort
collective, efforts, outcomes, personally

important, help, desired, individual, social compensation

not, compensate, social loafing, less, sucker

24
Q

Deindividuation:
The loss of a person’s sense of i__ and the reduction of normal c__ against d__ behavior .

  • Deindividuation is a c__ phenomenon that only occurs in the presence of o__.
A

individuality, constraints, deviant

collective, others

25
Q

Causes of Deindividuation – D__ Process

Accountability cues:

  • affect the person’s c__-r__ calculations.
  • When accountability is __, people may deliberately engage in g__ but typically t__ behaviors.

Attentional cues:

  • focus a person’s attention away from the s__.
  • person attends less to i__ standards of c__, reacts more to the i__ situation, and is __ sensitive to long-term c__ of behavior.
A

dual

cost-reward, low, gratifying, taboo

self
internal, conduct, immediate, less, consequences

26
Q

Causes of Deindividuation - Tangible:

Number of people in a crowd:
- Analyzed 60 lynchings b/w 1899-1946 and found the __ the number of people, the __ the savagery.

Lighting:
-Found suicide baiting was more likely to occur in __ cities and after n__.

Presence of Uniforms:

  • Z__ study
  • 1987 study found children in uniform played more a__ than children in plain clothes.
  • individuals using some type of h__ identity tended to k__, t__, and m__ more (football players, war paint, war masks, masquerades).
A

greater, greater

large, nightfall

zimbardo

aggressively

hidden, kill, torture, mutilate

Social Psych (11 decks)

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