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Anger and Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

Aggression:

  • Attempting to i__ someone, p__ or p__, who does n__ want to be injured.
A

injure, physically, psychologically, not

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2
Q

Types of Aggression:

  • Instrumental Aggression
    ~ Aggression in which h__ is inflicted in order to obtain a desired e__.

~ W__ m__.
~ Physical play in s__.

A

harm, end

war moves

sports

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3
Q

Types of Aggression:

-Emotional Aggression or Hostile Aggression
~ Aggression in which h__ is the desired e__ in i__. H__ is inflicted for h__’s sake

~ L__ out at someone after they h__ you

A

harm, end, itself, harm, harm’s

lashing, hurt

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4
Q

Differences in Aggression Worldwide:

-The United States is very high on g__ murder per 100,000 residents compared to other countries at ..

~but __ than many countries if you just look at m__ per 100,000 people.

~H__ leads with . and the United States is .

A

gun, 3.7

lower, murders

Honduras, 90.4
4.5

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5
Q

Gender Differences in Aggression:

  • __ are more violent than __.

~ __% of murderers in 2010 were male—all of the
perpetrators discussed in the beginning were male.

~ __% of the victims were male. Men are _._x more likely to be m__ than are women. (FBI, 2010)

A

men, women

90

77, 3.4, murdered

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6
Q

Four Measures of Serious Violent Crime:

-total violent crime
~__

-victimizations reported to the police
~__

-crimes recorded by the police
~__

-arrests for violent crime
~__

A

total
decreasing

reported
decreasing

recorded
decreasing

arrests
stable

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7
Q

Aggression Across Time:

  • property crime rates also in __, used to be close to __ per 1,000 households in 1__.
  • violent crime rates by g__ of victim also declining for both w__ and m__ since 1993.
A

decline, 600, 1973

gender, women, men

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8
Q

Nature Explanations:

  • Is aggression innate?
  • I__ Theories
    ~ Freud’s E__ and T__
  • Lorenz (1966)
    ~Saw the will to l__ and will to a__ as c__.
    ~Aggression is an a__ ability that ensures advantages for s__.
A

instinct
eros, Thanatos

live, aggress, compatible
adaptive, survival

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9
Q

Nature Explanations:

  • Is aggression innate?

E__ Perspectives:
- P__ orders – Status h__ among a__.

~ Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe (1920’s) and pecking orders
~ A__ occurs when a chicken tries to ‘b__’ the pecking order.

  • A__ parents are more likely to be aggressive than b__ parents.
  • M__ aggression occurs when others challenge s__ or attempt to reduce him to c__ (someone else having a s__ relationship with his p__).
A

evolutionary, pecking, hierarchies, animals

aggression, buck

adoptive, biological

male, status, cuckold, sexual, partner

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10
Q

Nature Explanations:
- Is aggression innate?

  • Gender differences:
    ~ Most r__ finding is that __ are not as aggressive as __.
  • Do men and women aggress for different reasons?

~Male to female violence typically related to j__.

~Male vs. Male violence typically caused by challenges to s__,
p__, or a s__ relationship.

~Female to male violence more likely to occur when c__ are being t__.

Men aggress for w__, women aggress for p__.

A

robust, women, men

jealousy

status, power, sexual

children, threatened

women, protection

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11
Q

Nature Explanations:

  • Biological antecedents to aggression
  • Role of t__.

~ L__, e__, and t__ s__ are known to have the __ levels of blood testosterone—incidentally, these are among the most a__ animals.

~ __ are higher in testosterone than are __.

~ __ correlation between t__ levels and p_aggression.

~Fraternities whose members have higher blood testosterone were more r__ and c__. Fraternities with lower blood testosterone tended to be more a__ successful, more socially r__, and s__ more!

  • BUT!
    ~ All studies are c__.
    ~ Winning at c__, t__, l__ tasks or even watching your sports team w__ can also increase blood testosterone!
A

testosterone

lions, elephants, tiger sharks, highest, aggressive

men, women

strong, testosterone, physical

rambunctious, crude

academically, responsible, smiled

correlational

chess, tennis, lab tasks, win

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12
Q

Nature Explanations: Is aggression innate?

  • Biological antecedents to aggression
  • Role of - _ (S__)

~ Known to be related to d__.
~ S__’s like Prozac, Celexa and Luvox
~ Known to be related to inhibition for i__ acts of a__.
~__ levels of serotonin are related to higher levels of impulsivity and therefore a__.

  • Both Testosterone and Serotonin are likely to be similar in that they are both a c__ and a c__ of a__.
A

5-HT, serotonin

depression

SSRI’s

impulsive, aggression

decreased, aggression

cause, consequence, aggression

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13
Q

Sociological Factors to Aggression:

  • E__ depression
    ~ C__ price and l__.
    (Hovland & Spears, 1940)
  • D__ aggression.
    ~ Mass g__ and ethnic c__ often result from f__.
    ~ ex: N__ Germany, B__, R__, etc.
  • Frustration->S__
    ~ Marcus-Newhall et al., (2000) – meta analysis supports notion of d__ aggression.
    ~s__ l__ market
A

economic
cotton, lynchings

displaced
genocide, cleansing, frustration
nazi, Bosnia, Rwanda

frustration–>scapegoating

displaced

split labor

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14
Q

Aggression Learned?
- Learning by w__.

  • S__ L__ Theory
    ~ Albert B__ and the B__ Doll study (1973).
  • What’s happening here?
    ~ M__
    ~ Development of a__ s__.
    ~ T__ and h__.
  • Should children get to watch violent TV and movies?
    ~according to APA and AAP: __.
A

watching

social learning

bandura, bobo

mimicking
aggressive scripts
tolerance, habituation

no

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15
Q

Aggression Learned?
- Learning by r__ and p__.

  • Operant conditioning:
    ~ Positive r__, Positive p__.
    ~ Punishment may f__ aggression!
  • Punishment to be effective should:
    ~ I__ follow act of aggression
    ~ Be strong enough to act as a d__
    ~ Be c__ applied and seen as f__.
  • Correlations between s__ and later a__.
    ~Children who were spanked __ were __ aggressive t__ years later
A

rewards, punishments

reinforcement, punishment
further

immediately
deterrent
consistently, fair

spanking, aggressiveness

more, more, two

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16
Q

Aggression and Social Roles

Gender roles
- Will boys always be boys?
~ D__ gender treatment

  • __ who establish themselves with fists tend to be regarded more
    highly than __ who do likewise.

–>R__ for male violence; s__ for female violence.

  • Different types of aggression:
    ~ P__ vs. V__
    ~Women may be more likely to use __.
A

differential

boys, girls

reinforcement, sanctions

physical, verbal

verbal

17
Q

Aggression and Social Roles:

O__ roles:

  • Zimbardo’s __ __ experiment.
  • Milgram __ study
A

occupational

stanford prison experiment

obedience

18
Q

Aggression and Social Roles:

Cultural roles

  • Hispanic children raised in the .. showed a greater a__l of aggression.
  • S__ are more aggressive
    ~ Culture of h__ studies
    ~ N__ and C__
A

U.S., approval

southerners, honor
Nisbett, cohen

19
Q

Aggression and Social Roles:

Nisbett and Cohen Findings:

  • Southerners more likely to __ to “a man has a right to kill” in regards to questions about s__ and p__.
  • Not more likely to accept violence outside of h__

After “Asshole” comment:
- Southerners more a__ than a__

  • Northerners more a__ than a__
  • Southerners thought they seemed less m__
  • Southerners showed a greater increase in blood t__.
    ~ Gave f__ handshakes in s__ encounters

~ Waited longer to y__ in a hallway game of “c__.”

A

agree, safety, protection

honor

angry, amused

amused, angry

masculine

testosterone

firmer, subsequent

yield, chicken

20
Q

Frustration and Aggression

Dollard and Miller (1941)
- Frustration caused by b__ g__ attainment

~ All a__ is caused by f__.

  • Frustration-aggression is a ‘h__ model’ or a d__-r__ theory
    ~ C__
    ~ D__
A

blocked goal

aggression, frustration

hydraulic, drive-reduction
catharsis
displacement

21
Q

Barker, Dembo, Lewin (1941)

  • Put kids in front of a room of attractive toys.
  • Half were let right in to play with them, half
    were made to wait a long time.

–> Those made to w__ tended to run in and play very d__ with the toys.

A

wait, destructively

22
Q

Harris (1974)

  • Had confederates cut into lines.
  • People near the __ of lines became more upset when cut in front of than people __ in the lines.
  • *Showed that a__ is greater when f__ is greater.
A

front, later

aggression, frustration

23
Q

Heat and Frustration?

  • Many metaphors tying together h__ and a__.
    ~ “Boiling over”, “Running hot”, “Hot tempered”, “Steaming mad”, “Hot under the collar.”
  • Anderson found a correlation between days over __ degrees F and v__ crime (Anderson, 1987, 1989).
    ~ M__ and r__ peak in hot summer months (Anderson, 1989)
  • What are the implications given g__ w__?
A

heat, aggression

90, violent

murder, rape

global warming

24
Q

Violent Media and Aggression:

Children played one of two games:

  • Jungle Hunt (relatively __-__)
  • Karateka (relatively __)

Children tended to engage in behavior c__ with the games they p__.

~ Jungle Hunt players focused more on the s__ and acted n__-a__.

~ Karateka players focused more on the B__ doll, and acted a__ toward both the B__ doll and other c__.

A

non-violent, violent

consistent, played

swing, non-aggressively

bobo, aggressively, bobo, children

25
Q

Violent Media and Aggression:

Bushman & Anderson (2002)
- Participants were asked to play a v__or n__ video game for 20 minutes.

~ They then asked people to read an incomplete story and report what they thought the main character would d_, f__, or t__ next.

~ These responses were c__ for content.

-Had more a__ responses for all categories after playing a v__ video game.

A

violent, nonviolent

do, feel, think

coded

aggressive, violent

26
Q

Violent Films and Music:

  • Exposure to aggressive films increased:
    ~ a__ behavior in both l__ & n__ settings.
    ~ effect is somewhat stronger in l__ experiments

Exposure to violent rap & rock music videos has:
~been associated with a greater a__ of violence in g__ & violence toward w__ in particular .

A

aggressive, laboratory, natural

laboratory

acceptance, general, women

27
Q

Violent Films:

  • Is viewing violence at an early age associated with more aggressive behavior at a later age?
  • 22-year study
    ~ exposure to TV violence among _-year-old boys was
    related to their aggression at age __.
    ~ Controlled for S__, _ _, & p__ styles.
    ~ The effect was not found among f__.
  • C__-c__ evidence of a connection between early viewing of TV v__ & later a__.
A

8, 30

SES, IQ, Parenting
females

cross-cultural, violence, aggression

28
Q

Should we Ban Violent Games and Movies?

  • Dill and Dill (1998) reviewed the literature on the link between violent v__ g__ and aggressive b__.
    ~ More e__ work needs to be done to establish c__ link between g__ playing and subsequent v__ behavior.
  • Reasonable evidence to suggest l__ between v__ TV watching and b__.
  • Differences between the l__ studies and the r__ world…
A

video games, behaviors

experimental, causal, game, violent

link, violent, behavior

lab, real

29
Q

Automatic Influences on Aggression:

  • Can p__ lead to a__ acts?
    ~ Many social psychological studies have been devoted to answering this question.

Carver et al. (1983)
- Participants did a scrambled sentence task, some using words with violent content (e.g., “orange break leg his”)

  • Asked to administer shocks to a “learner” in a memory task

–> Participants who were primed with v__ content gave s__ shocks

A

priming, aggressive

violent, stronger

30
Q

College students were made angry in the presence of either a gun (a__ object) or a tennis racquet (n__ object)

  • Those who were made angry in the presence of a __ gave more intense electric shocks to another student
  • This is often called the w__ e__, and has been r__ many times over
A

aggressive, neutral

gun

weapons effect, replicated

31
Q

“Guns Don’t Kill People… People Kill People”

Perhaps, but weapons do seem to f__ aggressive acts!

A

facilitate

32
Q

What happens - In Sum:

  • Watching aggression may r__ standards for acceptable b__.
    ~ H__ occurs
  • Aggression seen as l__ way to r__ conflict.
  • Watching aggressive m__ may provide specific i__ about how to act v__.
  • Exposure to w__ can predispose us toward v__ without our a__.
A

relax, behavior
habituation

legitimate, resolve

movies, ideas, violently

weapons, violence, awareness

33
Q

Preventing Aggression:

Places to potentially halt aggressive behavior.

1) -before the s__ (p_-s__)
2) -after the s__ and before a__. (p__-s__)
3) - after a__ and before an a__ r__. (p__-a__)

A

stimuli, pre-stimuli

stimuli, aggression, post-stimuli

aggression, aggressive response, post-aggression

34
Q

Preventing Aggression:

 Pre-Stimuli:
-  You can a\_\_ aggressive s\_\_.
~ Avoid aggressive m\_\_.
~ Don’t associate with aggressive p\_\_.
~  Avoid situations that produce f\_\_ or negative a\_\_ (c\_\_ areas, t\_\_, etc.).
A

avoid, stimuli

media

people

situations, frustration, affect (crowded, traffic)

35
Q

Preventing Aggression:

Post-Stimuli:
- C__ r__
~ See things in a h__ way…
~ Not everything is a personal a__ against you…
~ It’s not your job to bring j__ to the world…
~ Sometimes people make m__…
~ O__ from aggression typically n__.

A

cognitive restructuring

humorous

attack

justice

mistakes

outcomes, negative

36
Q

Post-Aggression:

  • E__ (n__-a__ activities)
  • Make and seek a__.
  • Take a “t__-o__”
  • E__ aggressive feelings in a non-aggressive way
A

exercise, non-aggressive

apologies

time-out

express

Social Psych (11 decks)

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