Anger and Aggression Flashcards
Aggression:
- Attempting to i__ someone, p__ or p__, who does n__ want to be injured.
injure, physically, psychologically, not
Types of Aggression:
- Instrumental Aggression
~ Aggression in which h__ is inflicted in order to obtain a desired e__.
~ W__ m__.
~ Physical play in s__.
harm, end
war moves
sports
Types of Aggression:
-Emotional Aggression or Hostile Aggression
~ Aggression in which h__ is the desired e__ in i__. H__ is inflicted for h__’s sake
~ L__ out at someone after they h__ you
harm, end, itself, harm, harm’s
lashing, hurt
Differences in Aggression Worldwide:
-The United States is very high on g__ murder per 100,000 residents compared to other countries at ..
~but __ than many countries if you just look at m__ per 100,000 people.
~H__ leads with . and the United States is .
gun, 3.7
lower, murders
Honduras, 90.4
4.5
Gender Differences in Aggression:
- __ are more violent than __.
~ __% of murderers in 2010 were male—all of the
perpetrators discussed in the beginning were male.
~ __% of the victims were male. Men are _._x more likely to be m__ than are women. (FBI, 2010)
men, women
90
77, 3.4, murdered
Four Measures of Serious Violent Crime:
-total violent crime
~__
-victimizations reported to the police
~__
-crimes recorded by the police
~__
-arrests for violent crime
~__
total
decreasing
reported
decreasing
recorded
decreasing
arrests
stable
Aggression Across Time:
- property crime rates also in __, used to be close to __ per 1,000 households in 1__.
- violent crime rates by g__ of victim also declining for both w__ and m__ since 1993.
decline, 600, 1973
gender, women, men
Nature Explanations:
- Is aggression innate?
- I__ Theories
~ Freud’s E__ and T__ - Lorenz (1966)
~Saw the will to l__ and will to a__ as c__.
~Aggression is an a__ ability that ensures advantages for s__.
instinct
eros, Thanatos
live, aggress, compatible
adaptive, survival
Nature Explanations:
- Is aggression innate?
E__ Perspectives:
- P__ orders – Status h__ among a__.
~ Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe (1920’s) and pecking orders
~ A__ occurs when a chicken tries to ‘b__’ the pecking order.
- A__ parents are more likely to be aggressive than b__ parents.
- M__ aggression occurs when others challenge s__ or attempt to reduce him to c__ (someone else having a s__ relationship with his p__).
evolutionary, pecking, hierarchies, animals
aggression, buck
adoptive, biological
male, status, cuckold, sexual, partner
Nature Explanations:
- Is aggression innate?
- Gender differences:
~ Most r__ finding is that __ are not as aggressive as __. - Do men and women aggress for different reasons?
~Male to female violence typically related to j__.
~Male vs. Male violence typically caused by challenges to s__,
p__, or a s__ relationship.
~Female to male violence more likely to occur when c__ are being t__.
Men aggress for w__, women aggress for p__.
robust, women, men
jealousy
status, power, sexual
children, threatened
women, protection
Nature Explanations:
- Biological antecedents to aggression
- Role of t__.
~ L__, e__, and t__ s__ are known to have the __ levels of blood testosterone—incidentally, these are among the most a__ animals.
~ __ are higher in testosterone than are __.
~ __ correlation between t__ levels and p_aggression.
~Fraternities whose members have higher blood testosterone were more r__ and c__. Fraternities with lower blood testosterone tended to be more a__ successful, more socially r__, and s__ more!
- BUT!
~ All studies are c__.
~ Winning at c__, t__, l__ tasks or even watching your sports team w__ can also increase blood testosterone!
testosterone
lions, elephants, tiger sharks, highest, aggressive
men, women
strong, testosterone, physical
rambunctious, crude
academically, responsible, smiled
correlational
chess, tennis, lab tasks, win
Nature Explanations: Is aggression innate?
- Biological antecedents to aggression
- Role of - _ (S__)
~ Known to be related to d__.
~ S__’s like Prozac, Celexa and Luvox
~ Known to be related to inhibition for i__ acts of a__.
~__ levels of serotonin are related to higher levels of impulsivity and therefore a__.
- Both Testosterone and Serotonin are likely to be similar in that they are both a c__ and a c__ of a__.
5-HT, serotonin
depression
SSRI’s
impulsive, aggression
decreased, aggression
cause, consequence, aggression
Sociological Factors to Aggression:
- E__ depression
~ C__ price and l__.
(Hovland & Spears, 1940) - D__ aggression.
~ Mass g__ and ethnic c__ often result from f__.
~ ex: N__ Germany, B__, R__, etc. - Frustration->S__
~ Marcus-Newhall et al., (2000) – meta analysis supports notion of d__ aggression.
~s__ l__ market
economic
cotton, lynchings
displaced
genocide, cleansing, frustration
nazi, Bosnia, Rwanda
frustration–>scapegoating
displaced
split labor
Aggression Learned?
- Learning by w__.
- S__ L__ Theory
~ Albert B__ and the B__ Doll study (1973). - What’s happening here?
~ M__
~ Development of a__ s__.
~ T__ and h__. - Should children get to watch violent TV and movies?
~according to APA and AAP: __.
watching
social learning
bandura, bobo
mimicking
aggressive scripts
tolerance, habituation
no
Aggression Learned?
- Learning by r__ and p__.
- Operant conditioning:
~ Positive r__, Positive p__.
~ Punishment may f__ aggression! - Punishment to be effective should:
~ I__ follow act of aggression
~ Be strong enough to act as a d__
~ Be c__ applied and seen as f__. - Correlations between s__ and later a__.
~Children who were spanked __ were __ aggressive t__ years later
rewards, punishments
reinforcement, punishment
further
immediately
deterrent
consistently, fair
spanking, aggressiveness
more, more, two
Aggression and Social Roles
Gender roles
- Will boys always be boys?
~ D__ gender treatment
- __ who establish themselves with fists tend to be regarded more
highly than __ who do likewise.
–>R__ for male violence; s__ for female violence.
- Different types of aggression:
~ P__ vs. V__
~Women may be more likely to use __.
differential
boys, girls
reinforcement, sanctions
physical, verbal
verbal
Aggression and Social Roles:
O__ roles:
- Zimbardo’s __ __ experiment.
- Milgram __ study
occupational
stanford prison experiment
obedience
Aggression and Social Roles:
Cultural roles
- Hispanic children raised in the .. showed a greater a__l of aggression.
- S__ are more aggressive
~ Culture of h__ studies
~ N__ and C__
U.S., approval
southerners, honor
Nisbett, cohen
Aggression and Social Roles:
Nisbett and Cohen Findings:
- Southerners more likely to __ to “a man has a right to kill” in regards to questions about s__ and p__.
- Not more likely to accept violence outside of h__
After “Asshole” comment:
- Southerners more a__ than a__
- Northerners more a__ than a__
- Southerners thought they seemed less m__
- Southerners showed a greater increase in blood t__.
~ Gave f__ handshakes in s__ encounters
~ Waited longer to y__ in a hallway game of “c__.”
agree, safety, protection
honor
angry, amused
amused, angry
masculine
testosterone
firmer, subsequent
yield, chicken
Frustration and Aggression
Dollard and Miller (1941)
- Frustration caused by b__ g__ attainment
~ All a__ is caused by f__.
- Frustration-aggression is a ‘h__ model’ or a d__-r__ theory
~ C__
~ D__
blocked goal
aggression, frustration
hydraulic, drive-reduction
catharsis
displacement
Barker, Dembo, Lewin (1941)
- Put kids in front of a room of attractive toys.
- Half were let right in to play with them, half
were made to wait a long time.
–> Those made to w__ tended to run in and play very d__ with the toys.
wait, destructively
Harris (1974)
- Had confederates cut into lines.
- People near the __ of lines became more upset when cut in front of than people __ in the lines.
- *Showed that a__ is greater when f__ is greater.
front, later
aggression, frustration
Heat and Frustration?
- Many metaphors tying together h__ and a__.
~ “Boiling over”, “Running hot”, “Hot tempered”, “Steaming mad”, “Hot under the collar.” - Anderson found a correlation between days over __ degrees F and v__ crime (Anderson, 1987, 1989).
~ M__ and r__ peak in hot summer months (Anderson, 1989) - What are the implications given g__ w__?
heat, aggression
90, violent
murder, rape
global warming
Violent Media and Aggression:
Children played one of two games:
- Jungle Hunt (relatively __-__)
- Karateka (relatively __)
Children tended to engage in behavior c__ with the games they p__.
~ Jungle Hunt players focused more on the s__ and acted n__-a__.
~ Karateka players focused more on the B__ doll, and acted a__ toward both the B__ doll and other c__.
non-violent, violent
consistent, played
swing, non-aggressively
bobo, aggressively, bobo, children
Violent Media and Aggression:
Bushman & Anderson (2002)
- Participants were asked to play a v__or n__ video game for 20 minutes.
~ They then asked people to read an incomplete story and report what they thought the main character would d_, f__, or t__ next.
~ These responses were c__ for content.
-Had more a__ responses for all categories after playing a v__ video game.
violent, nonviolent
do, feel, think
coded
aggressive, violent
Violent Films and Music:
- Exposure to aggressive films increased:
~ a__ behavior in both l__ & n__ settings.
~ effect is somewhat stronger in l__ experiments
Exposure to violent rap & rock music videos has:
~been associated with a greater a__ of violence in g__ & violence toward w__ in particular .
aggressive, laboratory, natural
laboratory
acceptance, general, women
Violent Films:
- Is viewing violence at an early age associated with more aggressive behavior at a later age?
- 22-year study
~ exposure to TV violence among _-year-old boys was
related to their aggression at age __.
~ Controlled for S__, _ _, & p__ styles.
~ The effect was not found among f__. - C__-c__ evidence of a connection between early viewing of TV v__ & later a__.
8, 30
SES, IQ, Parenting
females
cross-cultural, violence, aggression
Should we Ban Violent Games and Movies?
- Dill and Dill (1998) reviewed the literature on the link between violent v__ g__ and aggressive b__.
~ More e__ work needs to be done to establish c__ link between g__ playing and subsequent v__ behavior. - Reasonable evidence to suggest l__ between v__ TV watching and b__.
- Differences between the l__ studies and the r__ world…
video games, behaviors
experimental, causal, game, violent
link, violent, behavior
lab, real
Automatic Influences on Aggression:
- Can p__ lead to a__ acts?
~ Many social psychological studies have been devoted to answering this question.
Carver et al. (1983)
- Participants did a scrambled sentence task, some using words with violent content (e.g., “orange break leg his”)
- Asked to administer shocks to a “learner” in a memory task
–> Participants who were primed with v__ content gave s__ shocks
priming, aggressive
violent, stronger
College students were made angry in the presence of either a gun (a__ object) or a tennis racquet (n__ object)
- Those who were made angry in the presence of a __ gave more intense electric shocks to another student
- This is often called the w__ e__, and has been r__ many times over
aggressive, neutral
gun
weapons effect, replicated
“Guns Don’t Kill People… People Kill People”
Perhaps, but weapons do seem to f__ aggressive acts!
facilitate
What happens - In Sum:
- Watching aggression may r__ standards for acceptable b__.
~ H__ occurs - Aggression seen as l__ way to r__ conflict.
- Watching aggressive m__ may provide specific i__ about how to act v__.
- Exposure to w__ can predispose us toward v__ without our a__.
relax, behavior
habituation
legitimate, resolve
movies, ideas, violently
weapons, violence, awareness
Preventing Aggression:
Places to potentially halt aggressive behavior.
1) -before the s__ (p_-s__)
2) -after the s__ and before a__. (p__-s__)
3) - after a__ and before an a__ r__. (p__-a__)
stimuli, pre-stimuli
stimuli, aggression, post-stimuli
aggression, aggressive response, post-aggression
Preventing Aggression:
Pre-Stimuli: - You can a\_\_ aggressive s\_\_. ~ Avoid aggressive m\_\_. ~ Don’t associate with aggressive p\_\_. ~ Avoid situations that produce f\_\_ or negative a\_\_ (c\_\_ areas, t\_\_, etc.).
avoid, stimuli
media
people
situations, frustration, affect (crowded, traffic)
Preventing Aggression:
Post-Stimuli:
- C__ r__
~ See things in a h__ way…
~ Not everything is a personal a__ against you…
~ It’s not your job to bring j__ to the world…
~ Sometimes people make m__…
~ O__ from aggression typically n__.
cognitive restructuring
humorous
attack
justice
mistakes
outcomes, negative
Post-Aggression:
- E__ (n__-a__ activities)
- Make and seek a__.
- Take a “t__-o__”
- E__ aggressive feelings in a non-aggressive way
exercise, non-aggressive
apologies
time-out
express
