stems and roots

Question 1

function of shoot apical meristem

Answer 1

where mitosis occurs, protected by buds

Question 2

leaf primordia

Answer 2

young leaf

Question 3

axillary bud

Answer 3

found below the meristem, where lateral growth occurs

Question 4

phytomere

Answer 4

area of growth

Question 5

leaves function related to shoots

Answer 5

shoot protection

Question 6

bud scales

Answer 6

small modified leaves that form a tight layer around the stem tip, protect dormant buds in the winter and have short or absent petioles

Question 7

tunica-corpus organization

Answer 7

cells dividing in a perpendicular manner to each other in the shoot meristem

Question 8

what happens to tissue layers as plant matures

Answer 8

they become more established

Question 9

leaf trace gap

Answer 9

absence of vascular tissue

Question 10

development of Monocot leaves

Answer 10

primordium becomes tubular and forms the sheating leaf base while upper portion forms the lamina

Question 11

Fate of bud development

Answer 11

only some become a branch, others remain dormant or produce flowers

Question 12

how is lateral growth prevented in plants?

Answer 12

hormone is produced at the apical meristem to enforce the dormancy of axillary buds

Question 13

types of primary stem structure organizations

Answer 13

ground tissue = cortex
pith = parenchyma cells
narrow interfascicular region (vascular segments right next to each other) or wide interfascicular region

Question 14

monocot primary stem structure vs dicot primary stem structure

Answer 14

vascular cylinders (dicot) or vascular bundles scattered (monocots)

Question 15

large red cells in the middle of the dicot stem

Answer 15

xylem

Question 16

stem function

Answer 16

structure, support, transportation, and conduction

Question 16

leaf tendril vs stem tendril

Answer 16

if a bud is present, its a leaf tendril

Question 17

herbaceous vines

Answer 17

modified stems that grow over things to get light

Question 18

tallest tree in the world

Answer 18

coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)

Question 19

storage bulb

Answer 19

stem is compressed, holds fleshy leaves (ex. onion)

Question 20

storage corm

Answer 20

similar to bulb but had modified leaves

Question 21

tubers

Answer 21

storage stems that are underground. Example is potato which is a stem full of parenchyma

Question 22

how do stems do asexual reproduction

Answer 22

fragmentation

Question 23

stolons and rhizomes

Answer 23

above and belowground stems function in asexual reproduction

Question 24

storage rhizome

Answer 24

a type of specialized stem

Question 25

cladophyll

Answer 25

specialized stems for photosynthesis (ex. asparagus)

Question 26

types of stem modifications

Answer 26

prickles/spines/thorns

Question 27

limitations of leaves

Answer 27

can’t lose too much water, can’t allow entry of pathogens, can’t be too nutritious to animals, must be cheap.

Question 28

Cuticle

Answer 28

lipid and hydrocarbon polymers with wax and a bit of cellulose,

functions in water conservation and protection

Question 29

where are stomata found in leaves?

Answer 29

found on lower epidermis of cross sections

Question 30

where are chloroplasts

Answer 30

found in mesophyll

Question 31

spongy mesophyll function

Answer 31

allows gas to move

Question 32

stomatal crypts

Answer 32

stoma found in ‘indentations” of the leaf, helps reduce water loss

Question 33

stomata opening and closing

Answer 33

based on environmental cues, and amount of stomata can change as well, potassium is involved

Question 34

trichomes function

Answer 34

provide shade, prevent rapid air movement, make walking or chewing difficult for insects

Question 35

bundle sheath

Answer 35

made up of fibers, arranged all around the vascular bundle, have their own photosynthesis

Question 36

C4 plants v C3

Answer 36

C4: large bundle sheaths
C3: bundle sheath cells not as important in photosynthesis

Question 37

abscission zone

Answer 37

area where cells are starting to get cut off, causes undamaged cells to become corky and form a protective leaf scar

Question 38

mature plant abscission zone

Answer 38

has protective and separation layer

Question 39

mesophyte

Answer 39

terrestial plants that grow in plants that aren’t wet or dry
has stomata on lower epidermis

Question 40

hydrophyte

Answer 40

water plant but needs oxygen, so it contains aerenchyma (more spongey mesophyll), has stomata on upper surface, no cuticle, and leaf dimorphism

Question 41

xerophyte

Answer 41

adapted to survive in an environment with little liquid water, contains thick cuticle, thickened epidermis, and stomatal crypts

Question 42

succulent leaves

Answer 42

thick and fleshy, produced in arid habitats, reduced surface to volume ratios, favor water conservation, few air spaces in mesophyll

Question 43

sclerophyllous

Answer 43

sclerenchyma as a layer below the epidermis and in the vascular bundles

perennial/evergreen leaves

hardness makes them highly protected

Question 44

conifers

Answer 44

sclerophylls with thick cuticles, epidermis and hypodermis cells have thick walls, usually contain unpalatable chemicals, shapes may be needle like or flat and scale like

Question 45

spines

Answer 45

needle sharp projections, protective and made primary of fibers
lignified walls make them hard and resistant to decay

Question 46

tendrils

Answer 46

coil around objects and use them for support, growth is indeterminate, don’t typically photosynthesize

Question 47

trap leaves

Answer 47

active traps that move during capture, passive traps incapable of movement

Question 48

stipules

Answer 48

outgrowth of lower zone of a leaf