protists Flashcards
protist definition
microbial eukaryotes that are mostly microscopic.
Protozoa are phagotropic, do photosynthesis
include protozoa, algae, and slime molds
mixotrophs
are autotrophic and heterotrophic
archaeplastida
consist of algae and land plants
excavata
include euglena
SAR clade
include stramemophiles, alveolata, and Rhizaria
primary endosymbiosis
heterotrophic eukaryote engulfing cyanobacteria creates photosynthetic cell membrane that is lost over time.
Results in two membranes around the chloroplasts in red/green algae
How did the rest of the photosynthetic protists arise?
engulfment of algae in secondary endosymbiosis
euglenoid evolution
come from green algae through endosymbiosis
brown algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellate evolution
come from red algae
evidence for endosymbiotic theory
similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts including how they divide, number of membranes they are surrounded by, and the presence of non nuclear DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
life cycle for algae
alternation of generations involving diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes
spores
part of haploid generation, allow for genetic diversity
what is true about fungi cells?
Most of them are haploid
anisogamy
difference in gamete size with both of them being flagellated
isogamy
gametes are same size and both flagellated
red algae
found in marine habitats, good at absorbing blue light
large, multicellular, unflagellated, store food as Floridian starch, produce agar and carrageenan for diet
pigment for green algae
chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids
what are green algae cell walls made of
cellulose
watermelon snow
has pink pigment
types of green algae
charophytes, chlorophytes, ulvophytes
green algae body construction
motile (all cells are similar and flagella is maintained or nonmotile (no flagella)
filamentous vs membranous body
filamentous - cells held by middle lamella and divide transversely
membranous body - cells divide in two planes
parenchymatous vs coenocytic
parenchymatous - cell division occurs in all three dimensions, cells interconnected by plasmodesmata
coenocytic - cytokinesis doesn’t occur, results in giant multinucleate cells
charophyceae definition
most similar to land plants, go through mitosis and contain gametengia (sacs with gametes)
charophyceae charactertistics
contain cellulose in cell walls, peroxisomes contain photorespiration enzyme, sperm are similar in structure
important functions for cyanobacteria and algae
important phytoplankton, toxic blooms and dead zones, biofuel producers
species with most numbers
green algae
fucoxanthin
gives golden algae their gold color
golden algae characteristics
silica scales, one or two flagella, type of stramenophile
stramenophiles
include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae
diatom characteristics
contain silica in their shells, are unicellular, unflagellated, store food or energy as laminarin, are eukaryotic, they contain glass shells and are photosynthetic
brown algae
large, multicellular, unflagellated, store food as laminarin (similar to diatoms), use chlorophylll a, carotenoids, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin, have chloroplasts and produce algin
blade, stipe, holdfast functions
blade - gives surface for sunlight
stipe - acts like a stem in plants
holdfast- anchors seaweed to surface
where are stipes, blades and holdfasts found?
Primarily in brown algae (seaweeds)
do brown algae have vascular tissue
no, but they do have sieve tubes
fucus
type of brown algae in which reproduction occurs at the top of leaves
euglenoid characteristics
can be heterotrophic, mixotrophic, usually have two flagella
unicellular, have a pellicle that allows it flexibility, usually in freshwater, contains an eyespot
dinoflagellate characteristics
some are photosynthetic, some aren’t, produce many toxins and cause red tide, found in many coral Reeves
types of brown algae
laminaria, ectocarpus, fucus
oomycetes
water mold that cause potato blight
