bryophytes

Question 1

what are bryophytes

Answer 1

seedless nonvascular plants

bryo= plant that swells

Question 2

why are they the amphibians of the plant kingdom

Answer 2

they need moisture for their reproduction (flagellated sperm that swims)

Question 3

bryophytes vs green algae

Answer 3

they both have similar chloroplasts, plants are multicellular, have dependent embryos, multicellular gametangia surrounded by sterile cells, all plants have an apical meristem where growth occurs, all plants produce spores in microsporangia

Question 4

protein in spores

Answer 4

sporopollenin, found in all plants

Question 5

nonvascular seedless plants

Answer 5

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

evolved in this order

Question 6

seedless nonvascular plants vs vascular plants

Answer 6

vascular plants have independent sporophytes, lignin, and true vascular tissue

Question 7

what makes something a true stem

Answer 7

presence of vascular tissue, if no vascularity, then rhizoids replace it

Question 8

dominant stage of life

Answer 8

gametophytes, it is photosynthetic, so it’s dominant

Question 9

gametophytes vs sporophytes

Answer 9

haploid vs diploid, sporophytes go through meiosis to produce spores

Question 10

how do seedless plants reproduce

Answer 10

rely on water for sexual reproduction and wind for spore dispersal

Question 11

alternation of generation

Answer 11

spore released in the air, grows into photosynthetic gametophyte, which goes through mitosis to produce eggs and sperm, which fuse to form zygote and forms sporophyte

Question 12

characteristics and innovations of terrestrial plants

Answer 12

produce complex polymers like cutin (wax to conserve water) and sporopollenin, which prevents pollen from drying out

sporangia, gametangia, apical meristems, symbiotic relationships with fungi and cyanobacteria

Question 13

capsule

Answer 13

sporophyte generation of moss

Question 14

origin of alternation of generations

Answer 14

haploid green algae contains zygote that is retained by archegonium. Delayed meiosis creates a multilcellular diploid stage, the sporophyte

Question 15

moss reproduction: ,

Answer 15

capsule produced spores, stem elongates

Question 16

liverwort reproduction

Answer 16

sperm produced in antheridia, eggs produced in archegonia, reduced sporophyte

Question 17

hornwort thallus function

Answer 17

it is a gametophyte, sort of like a leaf

Question 18

rhizoid function

Answer 18

anchorage, water transport

Question 19

do bryophytes have true organs (roots, stems, leave)

Answer 19

no

Question 20

liverworts

Answer 20

first to evolve, produce leafy and thalloid thallus, male and female are on different thalli (dioecious)

Question 21

thallus characteristics

Answer 21

have pores and no stomata with guard cells, which is a reason they have to live in moist environment

Question 22

antheridium

Answer 22

produce flagellated sperm,

Question 23

archegonia neck

Answer 23

where sperm swims to get to egg

Question 24

sporophyte contains

Answer 24

foot that holds gametophytes, sporangia where mitosis occurs, elaters (coils that uncoil to move spores out)

placenta for nutrients to move into sporophyte

Question 25

gemma cups

Answer 25

used for liverwort asexual reproduction

Question 26

hornworths -

Answer 26

contain rhizoids, antheridia found in thallus indentations, egg cells produced in archegonia, pseudoelaters (no spiral structure), stomata on sporophytes present with guard cells, they are monoecious,

Question 27

mosses

Answer 27

has a preliminary vascular system, hyaline cells that store water, produce capsule like structures, antheridia and archegonia on gametophyte

Question 28

hydroids/leptoids

Answer 28

carry water and sugars, hydroids are surrounded by leptoids,

Question 29

moss sporophyte

Answer 29

contains foot, seta, calyptra (gametophyte tissue), operculum (top lid of capsule), and peristome

calyptra falls off

Question 30

protonemeta

Answer 30

green filamented start of gametophyte, looks like green algae, eventually produces multicellular structure

Question 31

mesophytic vs poikilohydric

Answer 31

mesophytes live in continually moist habitats, poikilohydric plants dry as the environment dries and then rehydrate