bryophytes Flashcards
what are bryophytes
seedless nonvascular plants
bryo= plant that swells
why are they the amphibians of the plant kingdom
they need moisture for their reproduction (flagellated sperm that swims)
bryophytes vs green algae
they both have similar chloroplasts, plants are multicellular, have dependent embryos, multicellular gametangia surrounded by sterile cells, all plants have an apical meristem where growth occurs, all plants produce spores in microsporangia
protein in spores
sporopollenin, found in all plants
nonvascular seedless plants
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
evolved in this order
seedless nonvascular plants vs vascular plants
vascular plants have independent sporophytes, lignin, and true vascular tissue
what makes something a true stem
presence of vascular tissue, if no vascularity, then rhizoids replace it
dominant stage of life
gametophytes, it is photosynthetic, so it’s dominant
gametophytes vs sporophytes
haploid vs diploid, sporophytes go through meiosis to produce spores
how do seedless plants reproduce
rely on water for sexual reproduction and wind for spore dispersal
alternation of generation
spore released in the air, grows into photosynthetic gametophyte, which goes through mitosis to produce eggs and sperm, which fuse to form zygote and forms sporophyte
characteristics and innovations of terrestrial plants
produce complex polymers like cutin (wax to conserve water) and sporopollenin, which prevents pollen from drying out
sporangia, gametangia, apical meristems, symbiotic relationships with fungi and cyanobacteria
capsule
sporophyte generation of moss
origin of alternation of generations
haploid green algae contains zygote that is retained by archegonium. Delayed meiosis creates a multilcellular diploid stage, the sporophyte
moss reproduction: ,
capsule produced spores, stem elongates
liverwort reproduction
sperm produced in antheridia, eggs produced in archegonia, reduced sporophyte
hornwort thallus function
it is a gametophyte, sort of like a leaf
rhizoid function
anchorage, water transport
do bryophytes have true organs (roots, stems, leave)
no
liverworts
first to evolve, produce leafy and thalloid thallus, male and female are on different thalli (dioecious)
thallus characteristics
have pores and no stomata with guard cells, which is a reason they have to live in moist environment
antheridium
produce flagellated sperm,
archegonia neck
where sperm swims to get to egg
sporophyte contains
foot that holds gametophytes, sporangia where mitosis occurs, elaters (coils that uncoil to move spores out)
placenta for nutrients to move into sporophyte
gemma cups
used for liverwort asexual reproduction
hornworths -
contain rhizoids, antheridia found in thallus indentations, egg cells produced in archegonia, pseudoelaters (no spiral structure), stomata on sporophytes present with guard cells, they are monoecious,
mosses
has a preliminary vascular system, hyaline cells that store water, produce capsule like structures, antheridia and archegonia on gametophyte
hydroids/leptoids
carry water and sugars, hydroids are surrounded by leptoids,
moss sporophyte
contains foot, seta, calyptra (gametophyte tissue), operculum (top lid of capsule), and peristome
calyptra falls off
protonemeta
green filamented start of gametophyte, looks like green algae, eventually produces multicellular structure
mesophytic vs poikilohydric
mesophytes live in continually moist habitats, poikilohydric plants dry as the environment dries and then rehydrate
