flowers Flashcards
basal angiosperms
early divergence of angiosperms, preceded divergence of monocots and eudicots
species poor, most don’t have vessels, primitive flowers (radial symmetry, superior ovary)
four main parts of flower
stamen (male parts) - includes anther and filaments
carpel (female parts) - includes stigma, style, and ovary
petal
sepal
complete vs incomplete flower
complete flower has all four parts
receptacle
base of flower that holds ovary
calyx
all of the sepals in a flower
corolla
all of the petals together
sepal function
surround maturing flower parts protect the flower bud as it develops,
petal functions
attract pollinators
pistil
consists of a stigma, a style, and an ovary
androecium
all of the stamen
stamen function
diploid anther cells undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores, which from a resistant cell wall and become pollen
gynoecium
all of the carpels
function of stigma, style, and ovary
stigma - catches pollen grains
style - elevates stigma
ovary - where megaspores are produced.
inflorescence
cluster of flowers on a branch or system of a branch
categorized by arrangement on main axis and by timing of flowering
include, raceme, spike, corymb, and umbel
floral formula
includes floral symmetry, number of sepals. number of petals, number of stamens, and number of carpels
actinomorphic
radial symmetry
zygomorphic
symmetric in one direction
bisexual flower
has carpel and stamen
plant genders
cosexual - hermaphroditic (perfect), have functional stamens and stigmas
unisexual hermaphrodites - produce pollen and have no seeds (male) or can’t germinate and produces more seeds (female)
plant sexual conditions
monoecy
dioecy
polygamy
monoecious
staminate and pistillate flowers on one individual
dioecious
one individual has either staminate or pistillate flowers
andromonoecy
species where all individuals have staminate and bisexual flowers
androdioecy
species where some individuals have staminate and some have perfect flowers or a mixture of staminate and pistillate flowers
gynomonoecy
species where all individuals have pistillate and bisexual flowers
gynodioecy
species where some individuals have pistillate and some have bisexual flowers or a mixture of staminate and pistillate flowers
polygamomonoecy
species that have individuals with staminate, pistillate, and bisexual flowers
trioecism
species where different individuals are either staminate, carpellate, or bisexual
ovary positions
hypogynous - petals, sepals, and stamens attached at base of ovary
perigynous - petals, sepals, and stamens on rim of hypanthium
epigynous - ovary is inferior to petals, sepals, and stamens
indeterminate inflorescences
first flowers to open are at base
umbel vs corymb
umbel - flower stems at same point, can be compound,
corymb - flower stems rise at different points but end at same height
determinate inflorescence
first flower to open is at the top or middle
disc flower vs ray flower
disc flower is radial and surrounded by ray flowers
grass flower characteristics
no petal or sepal, wind pollinated
grass flower families
poaceae, cyperaceae, juncacea
spikelet
multiple florets, unit of a grass flower, consists of outer glume and floret
switch grass
consists of branches and spikelets with flowers
solitary flower
has just one flower on the peduncle
spike flowers
has one unbalanced axis with sessile flowers (no stems)
raceme
similar to spike flowers but have stems
cyme flowers
central flower opens first
whorl
flowers are borne in a tight circle at each node
panicle
main axis has branches which are in turn rebranched
head/capitulum
many small flowers borne on a common receptacle, may look like a single flower
