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plant bio > photosynthesis and nutrition > Flashcards

photosynthesis and nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reactants and products

A

reactants: CO2, water, and light
products: sugar

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2
Q

two stages

A

light reaction (take place in thylakoid membrane)

Calvin cycle (take place in stroma)

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3
Q

light reactions

A

convert light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

Split H2O into O2

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4
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar G3P

returns ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+ to light reactions

cycle goes around three times

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5
Q

function of chloroplast pigments

A

absorb light

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6
Q

types of photosynthetic pigments

A

essential pigment: chlorophyll a

accessory pigments: chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobillins

the pigments absorb different wavelengths of light

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7
Q

what contributes to yellowing and reddening of leaves

A

carotenoids

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8
Q

what creates green color of leaves

A

chlorophyll

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9
Q

C3 pathway

A

most typical photosynthetic pathway, produces three carbon molecule G3P, three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP

starts with RuBP and ends with RuBP

CO2, ATP, and NADPH needed

catalyzed by rubsico

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10
Q

photorespiration

A

rubsico fixes O2 instead of CO2, causing CO2 to be released and using ATP
no sugar produced

occurs in hot and dry conditions when stomata is closed

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11
Q

C4 and CAM pathways

A

first carbon fixation involves PEP carboxylase instead of rubisco

CO2 is stores as malate or aspartate

4 C molecules of produced

2nd carbon fixation is the calvin cycle

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12
Q

how are carbon fixations separated in C4 and CAM

A

separated spatially in C4: mesophyll and bundle sheath cell

CAM: stomata opens at night and closes during the day
night: CO2 incorporated into organic acid
Day: Calvin cycle occurs

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13
Q

C4 advantages

A

higher opitmal temperature, more photosynthesis, conservation of water, used 1/3 to 1/6 less rubisco, less water loss due to nitrogen efficiency

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14
Q

C4 disadvantages

A

more ATP needed

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15
Q

CAM features

A

high water use efficiency, facultative use of CAM pathway (can be switched into), used by ferns, aquatic plants, succulents, and epiphytes

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16
Q

types of nutrients

A

micronutrients and macronutrients

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17
Q

macronutrients

A

sulfure, phosphate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, nitrogen

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18
Q

beneficial elements

A

other nutrients that are essential for only limited groups of plants

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19
Q

nutrient deficiency symptoms

A

necrosis (dying of cells), chlorosis (not enough chlorophylls)

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20
Q

magnesium property

A

it is phloem mobile, meaning it can move through the phloem

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21
Q

soil function

A

provides most nutrients, mixture of inorganic material and dead organism, some living organisms

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22
Q

where do plants grow into

A

the topsoil

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23
Q

layers of soil

A

O horizon (humus) at top, A horizon (topsoil), E, B, C, less organic matter found as you go down to R (bedrock)

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24
Q

grassland soil layers

A

has a lot of topsoil compared to forests

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25
Q

three main textures

A

clay, sand, silt

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26
Q

sand

A

many macropores, allowing for movement of water

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27
Q

clay

A

very small particles, mostly micropores, water doesn’t move that well

28
Q

ideal soil texture for plant growth

A

loamy soil

29
Q

silt

A

less macropores than sand but more than clay

30
Q

saturated soil

A

pore spaces are filled with water

31
Q

wilting point

A

not enough water

32
Q

field capacity

A

ideal point where water and air pockets are both present

clay needs more water than sand to reach field capacity

33
Q

micelle

A

soil particles, cations are held on, anions moved out of soil, especially sand

34
Q

root hair function

A

secrete CO2 from respiration and H+, allows plants to pick up nutrients

35
Q

Do anions or cations leach more from soil?

A

Anions, because they are readily available

36
Q

what is soil mostly likely to bind

A

H+ ions

37
Q

limiting essential nutrients

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

38
Q

Nitrogen requirement

A

plants require it, acquire it as NH4+ or NO3-, only done through prokaryotes

39
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

NO3- is easily leached out of soils, nitrogen fixing bacteria and ammonifying bacteria turn nitrogen to ammonia

40
Q

nitrogenase funciton

A

converts N2 to organic nitrogen, found only in prokaryotes, inhibited by O2, NH4+ and NO4

41
Q

cyanobacteria

A

function as nitrogen fixers

42
Q

nitrogen fixing symbioses

A

nodulated legumes, nodulated non legumes, non nodulated nitrogen fixers, plant cyanobacteria assocation

43
Q

nodulated legumes

A

symbiotic relaitonship with nitrogen fixing bacteria

fabaceae family (beans, peas, etc), provide N to soil, are also nutritious to wildlife as high protein food

one non leguminous species

44
Q

leghemoglobin

A

lowers O2 conc in nodules and gives them their red color

white nodules are parasitic, green nodules are senesced, red is good

45
Q

how do bacteria enter root

A

through the root hair, pericycle divides, forming the root nodule which provides habitat for bacteria

Vascular tissue forms symbiotic relationship with bacterial colony

46
Q

non nodulated nitrogen fixers

A

barley, maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, intercellular spaces and xylem vessels

obtain 60% or more of their N needed

47
Q

plant cyanobacteria association

A

external to root cell, cyanobacteria located in pockets within its fronds

48
Q

carnivorous plants

A

use non nitrogen fixing uptake methods

include venus flytrap, pitcher plants, and sundews

49
Q

parasitic plants

A

non N fixing, can also be photosynthetic, produce haustorium that penetrates into host secondary xylem

50
Q

mycorrhizas

A

directly break down proteins in soils

51
Q

phosphorous

A

leaches less than N, most available in rhizosphere (cluster roots), bound and unavailable to plants, support nitrogen fixers

52
Q

root fungi association

A

allows plants to get phosphorous

some mycorrhizal associations are almost obligate

53
Q

types of mycorrhizae

A

ecto, endo, ericoid, orchidaeous, ectendo

most plant families are endo

ecto are visibly seen

endo are not

54
Q

glomeromycota

A

reproduce spores underground, fungi hard to see

55
Q

history of mycorrhizae

A

fossilized fungal spores, found from the arctic to the tropics, 90 percent of all plant families

56
Q

fungi function

A

increase surface area of plant roots, increase resistance to pathogens, decrease susceptibility to soil toxins, stimulate nitrogen fixation, improve soil structure

57
Q

ectomycorrhizae structure

A

fungal layers found outside of root (mantle)

hartignet - sites of exchange

58
Q

endomycorrhizae

A

pentrates the roots

59
Q

monotropoid mycorrhizae

A

tripartite relationship, link between fungus, an autotrophic plant, and the heterotrophic plant

60
Q

how does water move

A

from higher to lower potential

61
Q

what causes opening and closing of stomata

A

solute concentrations, stomata most open at midday when K+ and sucrose concentrations are peaking

62
Q

cavitation and embolism

A

breakage of cells that forces water to move laterally

embolism - water hits air pocket

63
Q

how does water enter

A

root hairs

64
Q

guttation

A

water is getting pushed up into the plant and out the pores

65
Q

hydathodes

A

specialized stomata responsible for guttation

66
Q

phloem transport

A

waters move into high solute areas and push sugars to next area via osmosis

source (photosynthetic areas) to sink (areas of growth)

67
Q

apoplastic vs symplastic loading

A

apoplastic - sugars move through plasmodesmata and are then uploaded into sieve tube cell, cell wall movement

symplastic - no movement though cell wall, cell to cell movement all the way to sieve tube

plant bio (19 decks)

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