fungi Flashcards
fungi defintion
eukaryotes, are confused as plants but are actually very important
lichens
pioneer organisms,arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.
importance of fungi
function in mycorrhiza, are endophytes, decomposers, and parasites of plants
endophyte functions
fungi live within other plants to stimulate growth and reproduction, provide nutrients, and increase photosynthesis
fescue grass
made cows sick due to fungi producing a toxin
decomposers/ biogeochemical transformers
lignin, lignocellulose, cellulose, keratin, mycoremediation
diseases due to fungi
chestnut blight, wheat rust, corn smut, dutch elm
why do fungi decompose more than bacteria?
They are eukaryotic
ergot
hallucinogenic compound
how are fungi classified based on reproduction
zygomycota (asexual/sexual)
Basidiomycota (mushrooms)
chytridiomycota (flagellated gametes)
imperfect fungi (sexual reproduction not observed)
glomeromycota - arbuscular mycorrhizae
zoosporic fungi
opisthosporidia
chytridiomycota
neocallismastigomycota
blastocladiomycota
zygomycetous fungi types
zoopagomycota, Glomeromycota, mucoromycota
dikarya
Basidiomycota, agaricomycotina, Ascomycota
have two nuclei per hyphae cell
life cycle of fungi
all of the hyphae together are mycelium with haploid nuclei
mycelium path
can go through plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm to form heterokaryote) or can go through asexual reproduction to produce spores
heterokaryotic stage
2 nuclei in hyphae, forms a diploid which goes through meiosis to produce spores
where are basidiospores found
gills of fungi
sacrophytes
decompose the plant
chytrid polyphagous
parasite of the euglena cell
foliose lichen
mutualistic fungi
penicilum
fungi important for antibiotics cleaved from citrus fruits
other uses of fungi
food/clothing
form of fungi
typically filamentous (multicellular with hyphae), but can also be unicellular
what happens when fungi go through cell division
nuclear envelope stays in tact
fungi cell wall
composed of chitin
septate vs aseptate hyphae
septate - have cross walls
aseptate - coenocytic ( no cross walls)
fungi zygotę
goes through meiosis right away. formed by fertilization of gametes
fruting bodies
produce spores
asexual spores
sporangia and conidia,
reproduction occurs through fragmentation of hyphae
multicellular fungi reproduction method
have asexual spores
how do unicellular fungi reproduce
budding
ascomycota
contain ascospores that are found in asci, produce conidia
zoospore characteristic
flagellated
opisthosporidia characteristic
all species are parasites on eukaryotes, are unicellular
stink corn
attracts fungi, spores go through digestive system and water pressure causes spore to shoot out
chytridiomycota
are saprobes (decomposers)
responsible for amphibian extinction crisis which infects the skin of amphibians
neocallimastigomyctoa
associated with digestive tracts of herbivores, anaerboic cellulose decomposer
blastocladiomycota
contains saprobes, animal parasites, algal parasitoids, are flagellated
zygomycetous fungi characteristics
are non flagellated, can be parasites (zoopagomycota) or symbionts/saprotrophs (glomeromycota/mucoromycota)
zoopagomycota function
are decomposers
mucormycota
mainly decomposers, cause infections in animals and humans, important in the food industry, are ectomycorrihizal
Glomeromycota
obligate arbuscular (penetrating root cells) mycorrhizal symbionts, multinucleated
rhizopus life cycle
reproduces asexually/sexually
rhizopus life cycle
can reproduce sexually or asexually
dikarya sexual cycle
consists of hyphal fusion uncoupled with meiosis
types of ascocarps
cleistothecium, perithecium, apothecium,
cleistothecium
ascocarp with completely closed fruit body with no special opening to the outside
perithecium
ascocarp with a round or flask-shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spores are discharged.
apothecium
ascocarp consisting of a discoid or cupped body bearing asci on the exposed flat or concave surface.
types of ascomycota
taprhinomycotina, saccharomycotina, pezizomycotina
taphrinomycotina
plant pathogens, saprotrophic yeasts (break down dead organisms for energy, parasites of the lung, root endophytes
saccharomycotina
are all unicellular yeasts, associate with microniches in animals, plants, and insects
pezizomycotina
most diverse group of ascomycota, can be lichens, are mycorrhizal, endophytes, also mycoparasites
dutch elm disease
caused by ascomycota
white nose syndrome
caused by pseudogymnoascus destructus (an ascomycota)
Basidiomycota
second most species rich, septate, have basidiocarps as fruiting bodies, spores produced by basidia
types of Basidiomycota
pucciniomycotina, ustilagomyctoina, agaricomycotina
pucciniomycotina
are saprotrophic yeasts, mycoparasites, insect pathogens, and form mycorrhizae
pucciniomycetes life cycle
require two separate hosts to complete life cycle (heteroecious), no basidiocarp formed
ustilagomycotina
yeasts, plant pathogens, some are free living, some are animal pathogens
agaricomycotina
largest group of Basidiomycota, are divided into tremellomycetes, dacrymycetes, agricomycetes
tremellomycetes
Basidiomycota agaricomycotina that form jelly fungi
they are mycoparasites,
free living
dacrymycetes
Basidiomycota agaricomycotina that are a small group of wood decaying fungi, are gelatinous pigmented fruiting bodies
agaricomycetes
Basidiomycota agaricomycotina that are saprotrophs (brown rot and white rot), pathogens, ectomycorrhizal, insect symbionts
destroying angel
type of agaricomycete that is very toxic
types of lichens
crustose - grows on a separate structure
foliose - flattened leaf structure
fruticose - coral like shrubby structure
