fruit Flashcards
what happens when sporophytes undergo meiosis
they produce spores
mitosis function
produces gametophytes, which fertilize to form a zygote
pollen grain
male gametophyte
what is contained in the ovule
the female gametophyte
what happens when pollen lands on the stigma
it moves through the tube and migrates to ovule,
how does ovary become a fruit?
when ovule is fertilized seeds start to develop, other plant parts shrink and fall off causing ovary to swell and become a fruit
one sperm + one egg
zygote
one sperm + 2 polar nuclei
endosperm
ovary wall
aka pericarp, wall of the fruit, seeds (mature ovules) are held within
mature ovaries
fruit
integument
seed coat
pericarp parts
exocarp (outside), mesocarp(middle), endocarp (inside)
types of fruit
simple fruit from a single carpel ovary
aggregate fruit from multiple ovaries (pistils) on one flower
multiple fruit - originates from multiple ovaries on multiple flowers
aggregate/multiple are compound
fig wasps
lay their eggs inside of the fig
wet vs dry fruits
wet fruits are succulent with a fleshy exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp
dry fruits have dry pericarps when mature
types of fleshy/wet fruits
berry, pepo, pome, hesperidium, drupe/stone
how are dry fruits distinguished
dehiscent (split open) and indehiscent (don’t split open)
dehiscent fruits
legume/pod, silique, follicle, capsule
indehiscent fruits
caryopsis, achene, samara, schizocarp, nut
berry
all or most of pericarp is fleshy
pepo
berry with a hard, thick rind, typical fruit of the gourd family (ex. melon)
hesperidium
berry with a leathery rind and parchment like partitions between sections, typical fruit of the citrus (ex. orange0
drupe
have a fleshy or soft exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a stony endocarp (ex. cherries, plums)
pome
fleshy tissue produced outside the core comes from hypanthium while tissues inside the core come from carpels (ex. apple)
legume
composed of one carpel that splits open (peas)
silique
two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum (ex. cabbage)
capsule
fruits that split open to release the seeds, composed of several fused carpels (cotton)
follicle
fruits that develop from a single carpel and dehisce along one suture
nut
large syncarpous gynoceium (fused carpels) that contains single seeds, ovary wall becomes very hard at maturity’s and the seed remains unattached to the ovary wall (ex. acorns)
caryopsis
seed coat is adnate to the ovary wall, one seeded fruit where the pericarp is fused with the seed coat (ex. grains)
achene
one seeded fruit small and ovary wall not attached to seed, pericarp is free from seed coat (ex. strawberry)
schizocarp
produced from fused carpels and split apart at maturity into mericarps, seed bearing carpels split apart, but remain indehiscent
samara
winged fruit
accessory fruits
consist of ovary + other floral parts
what do strawberries consist of
one strawberry consists of multiple ovaries/seeds
types of dispersal
wind and water
wind dispersal
occurs in dust like, tiny winged, plumed seeds, also woolly, balloons, and roller plants
water dispersal
occurs in splash cups, sea currents, and streams
types of animal dispersal
active/passive
passive dispersal
occurs through simple adhesion, awns, hooks, and barbs
active dispersal
occurs through carrying, catching, and ant elaiosomes, ingestion is another form of active dispersal
mechanical dispersal
ballistic fruits, shaker fruits, hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from air)
fruit traits
nutritious, seeds can pass through animals without being destroyed, can increase dispersal mechanisms
how are seeds protected before maturity
unripe fruit can be less attractive or contain defensive compounds
traits of animal dispersed fruit
seeds are either regurgitated or pass through digestive system into feces, fruits contain mild Laxative, seeds require passage through gut for germination, fruit may be eaten and seeds spit out
