plant cell

Question 1

what does the plant cell consist of?

Answer 1

a plasma membrane interior to the cell wall, hydrophilic on the inside and hydrophobic on the outside

Question 2

primary vs secondary cell wall

Answer 2

primary cell wall is produced first, secondary produced after, consists of lignin and cellulose

both have pectin and cellulose

Question 3

middle lamella function

Answer 3

holds cells together

Question 4

what is plant tissue made of?

Answer 4

mostly cellulose formed from plasma membrane

Question 5

what are microfibrils composed of?

Answer 5

many cellulose molecules

Question 6

cellulose microfibril orientation

Answer 6

parallel to each other with rosettes (produce celluose microfibrils) parallel to microtubules

Question 7

plasmodesmata

Answer 7

intercellular pores connecting adjacent cells, important for cell signaling and defense

Question 8

what is contained in some plant cell tissue areas?

Answer 8

has microbes and fungi in small spaces

Question 9

desmotubules

Answer 9

traverse cell membrane

Question 10

central vacuole

Answer 10

very large, take up water, push against cell wall surface, hold pigments and can account for 90% of cells volume

Question 11

tonoplast

Answer 11

membrane of central vacuole

Question 12

central vacuole functions

Answer 12

turgidity, storage, digestion by enzymes

Question 13

turgidity

Answer 13

provides structure and flower movement

Question 14

what does the central vacuole store?

Answer 14

water/salts/ions, pigments, starch proteins, waste/toxins

Question 15

function of digestive enzymes of central vacuole

Answer 15

breakdown of macromolecules, comparable to lysozymes in animal cells

Question 16

druses

Answer 16

aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals

Question 17

rawhides

Answer 17

needle like crystals of calcium oxalate

Question 18

plants in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic environments

Answer 18

hypertonic - cells are plasmolyzed and water moves out

isotonic - cells are flaccid and water moves in and out equally

hypotonic - water moves in and cells are turgid, making the plant erect

Question 19

plastid development

Answer 19

proplastid develops into chloroplast or store pigment to become chromoplast, or store starch to become amyloplast

Question 20

thylakoid membrane

Answer 20

found in the chloroplast, includes protein complexes important for photosynthesis

Question 21

do chloroplasts need light?

Answer 21

Yes, but not too much.

Question 22

chromoplasts in bright vs dim light

Answer 22

they will orient differently

Question 23

leucoplasts

Answer 23

non pigmented plastids - include amyloplasts which store starch, and elaioplasts which store lipids

Question 24

function of pigment stores in plastids

Answer 24

give color

Question 25

chromoplasts

Answer 25

plastids that contain pigment

Question 26

mitochondrion function

Answer 26

produces ATP, means that plants require oxygen

Question 27

cytoskeleton

Answer 27

consists of microfilaments and microtubules

Question 28

what are microtubules and intermediate filaments composed of?

Answer 28

proteins such as actin

Question 29

flagellum structure in plant cells

Answer 29

consist of microtubule pairs

Question 30

three tissue systems

Answer 30

dermal, vascular, and ground

Question 31

ground tissue system structure

Answer 31

includes parenchyma cell (stem cell), a thicker collenchyma cell, and sclerenchyma cell which consists of lignin, found in areas that need structural support considered simple tissue, since it's made of one type of cell

Question 32

complex tissue

Answer 32

composed of multiple types of cells

Question 33

vascular tissue

Answer 33

complex tissue that consists of the cell types in ground tissue plus xylem and phloem

Question 34

phloem cell function

Answer 34

include long linear cells that move carbohydrates

Question 35

xylem function

Answer 35

move water, are dead at maturity, have secondary cell walls, making it stronger

Question 36

what is wood made up of?

Answer 36

xylem tissue

Question 37

dermal system

Answer 37

complex, consists of epidermis or periderm, stoma and pore are found here, guard cells are present in higher plants

Question 38

what is found in the periderm

Answer 38

consists of a cork cambium for growth and mitosis and lenticels that allow for gas exchange