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ap psych > states of consciousness (module 16-19) > Flashcards

states of consciousness (module 16-19) Flashcards

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1
Q

sleep

A

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness

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2
Q

circadian rhythm

A

-our biological clock that operates on a 24 hour cycle
-wakefulness and temperature

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3
Q

how long does the sleep cycle last

A

90 minutes

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4
Q

REM sleep

A

-rapid eye movement sleep
-vivid dreams occurring during this stage
-genitals become aroused

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5
Q

why is REM sleep also known as paradoxical sleep?

A

-motor cortex is active but it’s messages become blocked by the brainstem
-muscles are relaxed even though our other body systems are active

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6
Q

alpha waves

A

relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed and awake state

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7
Q

NREM sleep

A

-non-rapid eye movement sleep
-encompasses all sleep stages except REM

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8
Q

hallucincations

A

false sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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9
Q

hypnagogic sensations

A

bizarre experiences such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly while transitioning to sleep

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10
Q

delta waves

A

the large slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM3

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11
Q

NREM-1

A

-experience hallucinations and hypnagogic sensations
-alpha to theta waves
-lasts 5 to 10 minutes

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12
Q

NREM-2

A

-experience sleep spindles
-spend half of your night here
-theta waves

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13
Q

NREM-3

A

-deep sleep
-delta waves
-lasts about 30 minutes

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14
Q

sleep spindles

A

periodic bursts of brain activity during NREM 2

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15
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

-pair of cell clusters in hypothalamus that controls the circadian rhythm
-in response to light, SCN causes pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, affecting our feeling of sleepiness

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16
Q

sleep patterns are influenced by…

A

genetics

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17
Q

being bathed in light or deprived of light will..

A

disrupt our 24 hour clock

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18
Q

in the absence of light the SCN will cause…

A

the pineal gland to produce melatonin, causing feelings of sleepiness

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19
Q

why do we sleep?

A

-sleep protects
-sleep helps us recuperate
-sleep helps us restore memories
-sleep feeds creative thinking
-sleep supports growth

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20
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

occur more than once a day

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21
Q

infradian rhythms

A

occur once a month or a season

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22
Q

sleep deprivation

A

-increases ghrelin a hunger hormone and decreases leptin and hunger suppressor
-decreases metabolic (energy use) rate
-increases production of cortisol
-enhances limbic brain responses at the sight of food

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23
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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24
Q

nacrolepsy

A

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

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25
Q

sleep apnea

A

stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping

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26
Q

sleepwalkin

A

-doing normal waking activities while asleep
-sleepwalking occurs in NREM3

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27
Q

night terrors

A

-appearing terrified, talking nonsense, walking around during NREM-3
-different from nightmares

28
Q

as we grow older, NREM-3…

A

diminishes as well as night terrors and sleep walking

29
Q

dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

30
Q

trauma and dreams

A

after suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares, which helps extinguish daytime fears

31
Q

musicians dreams

A

musicians report twice as many dreams of music

32
Q

blind people’s dreams

A

studies in four countries have found blind people dreaming of using their nonvisual senses

33
Q

media experiences and dreams

A

participants who consume violent media have had more violent dreams

34
Q

our two track mind continues to monitor our environment while we sleep so…

A

sensory stimuli may be woven into a dream’s story

35
Q

manifest content

A

the symbolic remembered storyline of a dream

36
Q

latent content

A

the underlying meaning of a dream

37
Q

freud wish fulfillment

A

dreams preserves sleep and provide a “psychic safety valve”

38
Q

information processing

A

dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories

39
Q

physiological function

A

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

40
Q

activation synthesis

A

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

41
Q

cognitive development

A

our level of cognitive development(knowledge and understanding) is reflected in our dreams

42
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

43
Q

psychoactive drug

A

chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

44
Q

substance use disorder

A

a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

45
Q

tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug

46
Q

withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug behavior

47
Q

depressant

A

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

48
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

49
Q

t or f? alcohol can be both a depressant and stimulant

A

FALSE: alcohol is always a depressant

50
Q

the three major catergories of drugs are

A

depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

51
Q

effects of alcohol include

A

-slowed neural processing
-memory disruption
-reduced self-awareness
-expectancy effects

52
Q

barbituates

A

-drugs that depress central nervous system
-reduce anxiety but impair memory and judgement

53
Q

opiates

A

-drugs derived from opium
-depress neural activity and temporarily less pain and anxiety

54
Q

nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

55
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

56
Q

amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity causing accelerated body functions with associated energy and mood swings

57
Q

hallucinogens

A

psychedelics drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

58
Q

near-death experience

A

-an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
-often similar to drug induced hallucinations

59
Q

alcohol

A

-depressant
-initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition
-depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

60
Q

heroin

A

-depressant
-rush of euphoria and pain relief
-depressed physiology and agonizing withdrawal

61
Q

caffiene

A

-stimulant
-increased alertness and wakefulness
-anxiety, restlessness, insomnia in high doses

62
Q

nicotine

A

-stimulant
-arousal and relaxation
-can cause heart disease or cancer

63
Q

cocaine

A

-stimulant
-rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
-cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

64
Q

metamphetamine

A

-stimulant
-euphoria, alertness, energy
-irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

65
Q

ecstasy/MDMA

A

-stimulant/mild hallucinogen
-emotional elevation, disinhibition
-dehydration, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

66
Q

LSD

A

-hallucinogen
-visual “trip”
-risk of panic

67
Q

marijuana/THC

A

-mild hallucinogen
-enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
-impaired learning and memory and increased risk of psychological disorders

ap psych (13 decks)

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