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ap psych > learning (modules 26-30) > Flashcards

learning (modules 26-30) Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together
-two stimuli (classical conditioning)
-response and consequence (operant conditioning)

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4
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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6
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

-type of learning where we link two or more stimuli
-the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus

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9
Q

ivan pavlov

A

-father of classical conditioning
-famous dog experiment where he conditioned dog to salivate at sound of a bell

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10
Q

john b watson

A

-little albert experiment
-idea that human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses though biologically influenced

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11
Q

behaviorism

A

-the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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12
Q

neutral stimuli (NS)

A

the stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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13
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to and unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers and unconditioned response

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15
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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16
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger an conditioned response

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17
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage when one links a NS with an UCS so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CS

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18
Q

classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because…

A

it helps humans and animals prepare for good or bad events

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19
Q

higher-order conditioning/second-order conditioning

A

-a procedure in which the CS is paired with a new US creating a second, weaker, CS
-example animal learns bell predicts food and light predicts bell so they associate light with food and salivate at light

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20
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response
- when UCS doesn’t follow a CS
- when a response is no longer reinforced

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21
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

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22
Q

generalization

A

the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

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23
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not signal a UCS

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24
Q

applications of pavlov’s principles

A

drug cravings
food cravings
immune responses

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25
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punishment
26
BF Skinner
-father of operant conditioning -skinner box
27
Law of effect
-Edward Thorndike's idea -principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences' become less likely
28
operant chamber
-a chamber containing a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcers -devices attached record the rate of animals bar pressing/key pecking
29
reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
30
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
31
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
32
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
33
positive reinforcers
any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response
34
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli
35
negative reinforcer
any stimulus that when removed after a behavior, strengthens the behavior -wearing seatbelt removes/ends loud beeping noise
36
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
37
conditioned/secondary reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
38
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
39
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
40
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a response only part of the time -results in slower acquisition of response but has far greater resistance to extinction
41
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after a specific number of responses
42
variable-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
43
fixed interval schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
44
variable interval schedule
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
45
punishment
an event that tends to decrease behavior that it follows
46
positive punishment
administers an aversive stimulus -spraying water on a barking dog
47
negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus -taking away a misbehaving teen's phone privileges
48
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regard a subtle physiological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension
49
preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations such as between taste an nausea that have survival value
50
John garcia
-challenged the idea that all associations can be learned well -studied taste aversion
51
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
52
taste aversion
-the learned behavior to avoid a food based on a negative experience -can be learned over time or come from a single stimulus
53
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
54
insight
-a sudden realization of a problem's solution -contrasts with strategy based solutions
55
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there's an incentive to demonstrate it
56
there is more to learning than associating...
a response with a consequence, there's also cognition
57
instrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
58
extrinsic moitvation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
59
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
60
emotion focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional need related to our stress reaction
61
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
62
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events -when efforts consistently fail to bring rewards and if this persists, the subject will stop trying
63
biological influences on classical conditioning
natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can be easily associated
64
biological influences on operant conditioning
-unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones -organisms most easily learn behavior similar to their natural behaviors
65
cognitive influences on classical conditioning
organisms develop an expectation that a CS signals the arrival of a US
66
cognitive influences on operant conditioning
-organisms develop and expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished -they exhibit latent learning without reinforcement
67
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate
68
external locus of control
the perception that chance our outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
69
self-control
the ability to control impulse and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
70
observational/social learning
learning by observing others
71
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
72
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe we fire when we perform certain actions or observe others doing so
73
prosocial behavior
-positive, constructive, helpful behavior -the opposite of antisocial behavior

ap psych (13 decks)

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