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ap psych > learning (modules 26-30) > Flashcards

learning (modules 26-30) Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together
-two stimuli (classical conditioning)
-response and consequence (operant conditioning)

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4
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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6
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

-type of learning where we link two or more stimuli
-the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus

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9
Q

ivan pavlov

A

-father of classical conditioning
-famous dog experiment where he conditioned dog to salivate at sound of a bell

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10
Q

john b watson

A

-little albert experiment
-idea that human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses though biologically influenced

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11
Q

behaviorism

A

-the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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12
Q

neutral stimuli (NS)

A

the stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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13
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to and unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers and unconditioned response

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15
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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16
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger an conditioned response

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17
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage when one links a NS with an UCS so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CS

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18
Q

classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because…

A

it helps humans and animals prepare for good or bad events

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19
Q

higher-order conditioning/second-order conditioning

A

-a procedure in which the CS is paired with a new US creating a second, weaker, CS
-example animal learns bell predicts food and light predicts bell so they associate light with food and salivate at light

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20
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response
- when UCS doesn’t follow a CS
- when a response is no longer reinforced

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21
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

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22
Q

generalization

A

the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

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23
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not signal a UCS

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24
Q

applications of pavlov’s principles

A

drug cravings
food cravings
immune responses

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25
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punishment

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26
Q

BF Skinner

A

-father of operant conditioning
-skinner box

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27
Q

Law of effect

A

-Edward Thorndike’s idea
-principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences’ become less likely

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28
Q

operant chamber

A

-a chamber containing a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcers
-devices attached record the rate of animals bar pressing/key pecking

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29
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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30
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

31
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

32
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

33
Q

positive reinforcers

A

any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response

34
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli

35
Q

negative reinforcer

A

any stimulus that when removed after a behavior, strengthens the behavior
-wearing seatbelt removes/ends loud beeping noise

36
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

37
Q

conditioned/secondary reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

38
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

39
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

40
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time
-results in slower acquisition of response but has far greater resistance to extinction

41
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response after a specific number of responses

42
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

43
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

44
Q

variable interval schedule

A

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

45
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease behavior that it follows

46
Q

positive punishment

A

administers an aversive stimulus
-spraying water on a barking dog

47
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus
-taking away a misbehaving teen’s phone privileges

48
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regard a subtle physiological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension

49
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations such as between taste an nausea that have survival value

50
Q

John garcia

A

-challenged the idea that all associations can be learned well
-studied taste aversion

51
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

52
Q

taste aversion

A

-the learned behavior to avoid a food based on a negative experience
-can be learned over time or come from a single stimulus

53
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

54
Q

insight

A

-a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
-contrasts with strategy based solutions

55
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there’s an incentive to demonstrate it

56
Q

there is more to learning than associating…

A

a response with a consequence, there’s also cognition

57
Q

instrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

58
Q

extrinsic moitvation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

59
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

60
Q

emotion focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional need related to our stress reaction

61
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

62
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
-when efforts consistently fail to bring rewards and if this persists, the subject will stop trying

63
Q

biological influences on classical conditioning

A

natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can be easily associated

64
Q

biological influences on operant conditioning

A

-unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones
-organisms most easily learn behavior similar to their natural behaviors

65
Q

cognitive influences on classical conditioning

A

organisms develop an expectation that a CS signals the arrival of a US

66
Q

cognitive influences on operant conditioning

A

-organisms develop and expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished
-they exhibit latent learning without reinforcement

67
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that we control our own fate

68
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance our outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

69
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulse and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

70
Q

observational/social learning

A

learning by observing others

71
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

72
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe we fire when we perform certain actions or observe others doing so

73
Q

prosocial behavior

A

-positive, constructive, helpful behavior
-the opposite of antisocial behavior

ap psych (13 decks)

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