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sensation and perception (modules 20-25) Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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3
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

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5
Q

top down processing

A

constructs perceptions from this sensory input by drawing your experience and expectations

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6
Q

selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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7
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to attend to one voice among a sea of voices

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8
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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9
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

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10
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

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11
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

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12
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent o the time

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13
Q

signal detection theory

A

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

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14
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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15
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum difference between two stimulus required for detection 50 percent of the time

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16
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

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17
Q

weber’s law

A

the idea that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentagee

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18
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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19
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

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20
Q

schemas

A

concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

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21
Q

motivations can bias…

A

our interpretations of neutral stimuli

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22
Q

t or f: emotions can shove our perceptions in one way or another

A

true

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23
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
-includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

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24
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

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25
telepathy
mind to mind communicationcla
26
clairvoyance
perceiving remote events such as a house on fire in another state
27
precognition
perceiving future events, such as an unexpected death i the next month
28
psychokinesis
mind moving matter
29
wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light/soundwave to the peak of the next
30
short wavelength corresponds to
high frequency
31
longer wavelength corresponds to
low frequency
32
hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
33
short wavelengths have a ______ hue
blueish, cooler toned
34
long wave lengths have a ________ hue
reddish, warmed toned
35
amplitude
the height of a wave
36
intensity
the amount of energy in a light/sound wave which influences brightness/loudness and is determined by amplitude of a wave
37
great amplitude has ___________ intensity
a brighter or louder
38
small amplitude has ____________ intensity
a duller or quieter
39
cornea
the eye's clear protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris
40
pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
41
iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
42
lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
43
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that behind the processing of visual information
44
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
45
rods
-retinal receptors that detect black white and gray and are sensitive to movement -necessary for peripheral vision and twilight vision when cones don't respond
46
cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions -detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
47
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
48
bipolar cells
cells near cones and rods that have their neural signals sparked by chemical reactions which allows them to activate ganglion cells
49
ganglion cells
cells whose axons twist together to form the optic nerve
50
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because there's no receptor cells there
51
fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
52
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
theory that the retina has 3 different color receptors; red, blue, green that when stimulated in combination can produce any color
53
opponent process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision
54
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement
55
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
56
grandmother cells
supercells that do appear to respond selectively to 1 or 2 faces in 100
57
gestalt
-an organized whole -our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
58
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (figure) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
59
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
60
law of proximity
we group nearby figures together
61
law of continuity
we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
62
law of closure
we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object
63
depth perception
-the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional -allows us to judge distance
64
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perceptions in infants and young animals
65
binocular cue
a depth cure, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
66
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance as the greater the disparity between the two images the closer the object
67
monocular cue
a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
68
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
69
stroboscopic phenomenon
our brain perceives a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement (stop-motion)
70
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. -includes having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size
71
color constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
72
brightness constancy
we perceive an object a having a constant brightness even as its illumination varies
73
relative luminance
the amount of light an objects reflects relative to its surroundings
74
size constancy
we perceive an object as having an unchanging size even while our distance from it varies
75
perceptual adaption
the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
76
frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
77
pitch
a tone's experienced highness or lowness -depends of frequency
78
decibels
-the unit we measure sound in -0 decibels is the absolute threshold for hearing
79
middle ear
the chamber containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)/(malleus, incus, stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
80
cochlea
-a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner -nerve impulse are triggered y sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid
81
inner ear
the innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
82
basilar membrane
membrane within the cochlea that contains hair cells which are auditory receptors when stimulated
83
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves
84
conduction hearing loss
a less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
85
cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
86
place theory
the theory that links the pitch heard with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
87
frequency theory
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
88
gate-control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on into the brain
89
survival functions of sweet
indicates energy source
90
survival function of salty
indicates sodium essential to physiological processes
91
survival function of sour
indicates potentially toxic acid
92
survival function of bitter
indicates potential poisons
93
survival function of umami
indicates proteins to grow and repair tissue
94
olfaction
the sense of smell
95
gustation
the sense of taste
96
vestibular sense
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance -semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
97
kinesthesia
-our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts -kinesthetic censors in joints, tendons, and muscles
98
sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
99
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
100
senses associated with cerebellum
body-position kinesthesia body movement vestibular sense
101
smell is associated with what part of the brain?
olfactory bulb
102
touch goes to what part of the brain?
somatosensory cortex
103
taste is associated with what part of the brain?
frontal temporal lobe border
104
hearing is with what part of the brain?
temporal lobes
105
vision is with what part of the brain?
occipital lobes

ap psych (13 decks)

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