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ap psych > sensation and perception (modules 20-25) > Flashcards

sensation and perception (modules 20-25) Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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3
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

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5
Q

top down processing

A

constructs perceptions from this sensory input by drawing your experience and expectations

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6
Q

selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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7
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to attend to one voice among a sea of voices

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8
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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9
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

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10
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

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11
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

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12
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent o the time

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13
Q

signal detection theory

A

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

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14
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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15
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum difference between two stimulus required for detection 50 percent of the time

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16
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

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17
Q

weber’s law

A

the idea that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentagee

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18
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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19
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

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20
Q

schemas

A

concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

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21
Q

motivations can bias…

A

our interpretations of neutral stimuli

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22
Q

t or f: emotions can shove our perceptions in one way or another

A

true

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23
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
-includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

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24
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

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25
Q

telepathy

A

mind to mind communicationcla

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26
Q

clairvoyance

A

perceiving remote events such as a house on fire in another state

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27
Q

precognition

A

perceiving future events, such as an unexpected death i the next month

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28
Q

psychokinesis

A

mind moving matter

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29
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light/soundwave to the peak of the next

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30
Q

short wavelength corresponds to

A

high frequency

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31
Q

longer wavelength corresponds to

A

low frequency

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32
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

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33
Q

short wavelengths have a ______ hue

A

blueish, cooler toned

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34
Q

long wave lengths have a ________ hue

A

reddish, warmed toned

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35
Q

amplitude

A

the height of a wave

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36
Q

intensity

A

the amount of energy in a light/sound wave which influences brightness/loudness and is determined by amplitude of a wave

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37
Q

great amplitude has ___________ intensity

A

a brighter or louder

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38
Q

small amplitude has ____________ intensity

A

a duller or quieter

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39
Q

cornea

A

the eye’s clear protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris

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40
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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41
Q

iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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42
Q

lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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43
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that behind the processing of visual information

44
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

45
Q

rods

A

-retinal receptors that detect black white and gray and are sensitive to movement
-necessary for peripheral vision and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

46
Q

cones

A

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions
-detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

47
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

48
Q

bipolar cells

A

cells near cones and rods that have their neural signals sparked by chemical reactions which allows them to activate ganglion cells

49
Q

ganglion cells

A

cells whose axons twist together to form the optic nerve

50
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there’s no receptor cells there

51
Q

fovea

A

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

52
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

theory that the retina has 3 different color receptors; red, blue, green that when stimulated in combination can produce any color

53
Q

opponent process theory

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision

54
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement

55
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

56
Q

grandmother cells

A

supercells that do appear to respond selectively to 1 or 2 faces in 100

57
Q

gestalt

A

-an organized whole
-our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

58
Q

figure-ground

A

the organization of the visual field into objects (figure) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

59
Q

grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

60
Q

law of proximity

A

we group nearby figures together

61
Q

law of continuity

A

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

62
Q

law of closure

A

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

63
Q

depth perception

A

-the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional
-allows us to judge distance

64
Q

visual cliff

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perceptions in infants and young animals

65
Q

binocular cue

A

a depth cure, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

66
Q

retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance as the greater the disparity between the two images the closer the object

67
Q

monocular cue

A

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone

68
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

69
Q

stroboscopic phenomenon

A

our brain perceives a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement (stop-motion)

70
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change.
-includes having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size

71
Q

color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

72
Q

brightness constancy

A

we perceive an object a having a constant brightness even as its illumination varies

73
Q

relative luminance

A

the amount of light an objects reflects relative to its surroundings

74
Q

size constancy

A

we perceive an object as having an unchanging size even while our distance from it varies

75
Q

perceptual adaption

A

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

76
Q

frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

77
Q

pitch

A

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness
-depends of frequency

78
Q

decibels

A

-the unit we measure sound in
-0 decibels is the absolute threshold for hearing

79
Q

middle ear

A

the chamber containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)/(malleus, incus, stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

80
Q

cochlea

A

-a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner
-nerve impulse are triggered y sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid

81
Q

inner ear

A

the innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

82
Q

basilar membrane

A

membrane within the cochlea that contains hair cells which are auditory receptors when stimulated

83
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nerves

84
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

a less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

85
Q

cochlear implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

86
Q

place theory

A

the theory that links the pitch heard with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

87
Q

frequency theory

A

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

88
Q

gate-control theory

A

the theory that the spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on into the brain

89
Q

survival functions of sweet

A

indicates energy source

90
Q

survival function of salty

A

indicates sodium essential to physiological processes

91
Q

survival function of sour

A

indicates potentially toxic acid

92
Q

survival function of bitter

A

indicates potential poisons

93
Q

survival function of umami

A

indicates proteins to grow and repair tissue

94
Q

olfaction

A

the sense of smell

95
Q

gustation

A

the sense of taste

96
Q

vestibular sense

A

our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
-semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

97
Q

kinesthesia

A

-our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts
-kinesthetic censors in joints, tendons, and muscles

98
Q

sensory interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

99
Q

embodied cognition

A

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

100
Q

senses associated with cerebellum

A

body-position kinesthesia
body movement vestibular sense

101
Q

smell is associated with what part of the brain?

A

olfactory bulb

102
Q

touch goes to what part of the brain?

A

somatosensory cortex

103
Q

taste is associated with what part of the brain?

A

frontal temporal lobe border

104
Q

hearing is with what part of the brain?

A

temporal lobes

105
Q

vision is with what part of the brain?

A

occipital lobes

ap psych (13 decks)

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