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ap psych > biological bases of behavior (modules 9-15) > Flashcards

biological bases of behavior (modules 9-15) Flashcards

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1
Q

acetylcholine function

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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2
Q

dopamine function

A

influences movement, attention, learning, and emotion (male)

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3
Q

serotonin function

A

affects sleep, hunger, arousal and mood (sham)

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4
Q

norepinephrine function

A

helps control alertness and arousal

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5
Q

GABA function

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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6
Q

glutamate function

A

a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

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7
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

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8
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

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9
Q

endorphins function

A

neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain

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10
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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11
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron

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12
Q

schwann cell

A

cells that create the myelin sheath

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13
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

this is when ACh producing neurons deteriorate

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14
Q

oversupply of dopamine

A

linked to schizophrenia

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15
Q

undersupply of dopamine

A

linked to tremors and parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

undersupply of serotonin

A

linked to depression

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17
Q

undersupply of norepinephrine

A

can depress mood

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18
Q

undersupply of GABA

A

linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

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19
Q

oversupply of glutamate

A

overstimulates the brain causing migraines and seizures

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20
Q

oversupply of opiate drugs

A

suppresses the body’s natural endorphins, rendering them useless

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21
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse or a brief electrical charge sent down the axon

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22
Q

thyroid gland

A

affects metabolism and releases thyrotropin

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23
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands

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24
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system

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25
Q

cell body

A

part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is the cell’s life-support center

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26
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body

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27
Q

axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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28
Q

myelin sheath

A

-a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons
-enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

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29
Q

glial cells

A

-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
-also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

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30
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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31
Q

action potential

A

-a neural impulse
-a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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32
Q

refractory period

A

-a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired
-subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state

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33
Q

all-or-none response

A

a neurons reaction of either firing with a full strength response or not firing

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34
Q

selectively permeable

A

the axons surface is selective about what it lets through

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35
Q

resting potential

A

state where the axon is negative inside and positive outside

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36
Q

depolarization

A

the loss of the inside/outside charge difference that then results in the next set of axon channels opening and positive charges flow inward

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37
Q

excitatory neural signals

A

are like pushing a neuron’s gas pedal

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38
Q

inhibitory neural signals

A

are like pushing a neurons brake pedal

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39
Q

synaptic gap

A

the space that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from the receiving neuron

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40
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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41
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of peripheral and central nervous systems

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42
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

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43
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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44
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connections the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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45
Q

sensory neurons

A

-aka afferent neurons
-carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for processing

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46
Q

motor neurons

A

-aka efferent neurons
-carry instructions from the CNS outwards to the body’s muscles and glands

47
Q

interneurons

A

-neurons in the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and process information from the sensory inputs to the motor outputs

48
Q

somatic nervous system

A

enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles

49
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls our glands and internal organ muscles

50
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-subsystem of the ANS that arouses and expends energy
-fight or flight

51
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

-subsystem of the ANS that calms the body and conserves energy

52
Q

sympathetic nervous system effects

A

-pupil dilation
-accelerating heart beat
-inhibits digestion
-stimulates glucose release by liver
-stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine in adrenal glands
-stimulates ejaculation in males

53
Q

parasympathetic nervous system effects

A

-pupil contraction
-slows heartbeat
-stimulates digestion
-stimulates gallbladder
-contracts bladder
-allows bloodflow to sex organs

54
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response

55
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system
-a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain region that controls the pituitary gland

57
Q

adrenal glands

A

triggers the fight or flight response
-release epinephrine and norepinephrine

58
Q

thyroid gland

A

impacts metabolism

59
Q

pituitary gland

A

-controls the hypothalamus
-secretes different hormones some of which affect other glands
-regulates growth

60
Q

brain lesion

A

a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

61
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brains surface with electrodes placed on the scalp

62
Q

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

A

a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical activity

63
Q

CT/CAT scan

A

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure

64
Q

PET scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a task

65
Q

MRI

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue and show brain anatomy

66
Q

fMRI

A

a technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
-shows brain function and structure

67
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain
-responsible for automatic survival functions
-the medulla, the pons, the reticular formation, the thalamus and the cerebellum

68
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem that controls heart beat and breathing

69
Q

thalamus

A

the top of the brainstem and the brains sensory control center
-directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

70
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

71
Q

cerebellum

A

the rear of the brainstem that coordinates movement, balance, nonverbal learning and memory, and the sensory input

72
Q

the pons

A

sits above the medulla and relay signals to the cerebellum that coordinates movement and controls sleep

73
Q

the limbic system

A

neural system associated with emotions and drives and is located beneath the cerebral hemispheres
-amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

74
Q

amygdala

A

two lima bean sized structures in the limbic system that deal with emotion

75
Q

hypothalamus

A

neural structure below the thalamus that directs maintenance activities such as eating, drinking, body temperature, and helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland

76
Q

hippocampus

A

neural center located in limbic system that helps process storage for explicit memories of facts and events

77
Q

which scans show brain function?

A

CT scans and MRIs

78
Q

which scans can reveal brain function?

A

EEG, MEG, PET and fMRI recordings

79
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
-the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

80
Q

frontal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
-involved with speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

81
Q

parietal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and towards the rear
-receives sensory information for touch and body position

82
Q

occipital lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head
-areas receives information from the visual fields

83
Q

temporal lobes

A

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears
-includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily rom the opposite ear

84
Q

motor cortex

A

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

85
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

an area at the front of the parietal loves that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

86
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved with higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking

87
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

88
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

89
Q

split brain

A

a condition that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

90
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

91
Q

consciousness

A

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

92
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language

93
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

94
Q

blindsight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

95
Q

sequential processing

A

processing one aspect of a problem at a time
-used to process new information or solve difficult problems

96
Q

parallel processing

A

processing multiple aspects of a problem at a time
-used to process well learned information or to solve easy problems

97
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

98
Q

heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

99
Q

environment

A

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

100
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

101
Q

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

A

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

102
Q

genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomesg

103
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes

104
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into creating two genetically identical individuals

105
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

develop from separate fertilized eggs

106
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor such as environment depends on another factor such a heredity

107
Q

molecular genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studies molecular structure and the function of genes

108
Q

molecular behavior genetics

A

the study of how the structure and function of gens interact with our environment to influence behavior

109
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

110
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the elution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

111
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that inherited traits that better an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

112
Q

mutation

A

a random error in gene replication hat leads to a changes

113
Q

social script

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various sitution

ap psych (13 decks)

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