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ap psych > research methods (modules 4-8) > Flashcards

research methods (modules 4-8) Flashcards

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1
Q

hindsight bias

A
  • the tendency to believe after learning outcome, it had been forseen by one
  • (i knew it all along)
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2
Q

when people can easily imagine something as common sense…

A

their hindsight bias allows them to believe the statement’s true

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3
Q

over confidence

A

when you think you know more than you do

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4
Q

hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to find patterns

A

leaves us vulnerable to overestimating “common sense”

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5
Q

theories explain behavior or events by…

A

offering ideas that organize observations

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6
Q

scientific method

A

a self-correcting process for evaluating and analyzing theories
1. develop a hypothesis
2. perform controlled test
3. gather objective data (direct observation)
4. analyze results
5. publish, criticize, replicate results

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7
Q

hypothesis

A

testable predictions that specify what supports the theory and what doesn’t

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8
Q

operational definition

A

carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in research study

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9
Q

a theory is useful if it…

A

-organizes observations
-implies predictions
-stimulates further research

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10
Q

3 categories of research methods

A

descriptive methods, correlation methods, experimental methods

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11
Q

descriptive methods

A

behavior is described through case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation

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12
Q

correlational methods

A

associate different factors and variables

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13
Q

experimental methods

A

manipulation variables to discover their effects

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14
Q

case study

A

in depth study and analyses of individuals or groups with the goal of revealing a universal truth

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15
Q

naturalistic observations

A

recording the natural behavior of many individuals without trying to manipulate the situation

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16
Q

surveys

A

questioning a representative and random sample of the group to obtain self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

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17
Q

naturalistic observations and case studies cannot…

A

explain behavior but they can describe it

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18
Q

sampling bias

A

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

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19
Q

population

A

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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20
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairy represents a population because each member has an equal change of inclusion

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21
Q

wording effects

A

even subtle changes in the order or wording can have major effects on how participants will answer questions

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22
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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23
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measure of the relationship between two things from -1.00 to +1.00

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24
Q

variable

A

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

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25
Q

scatterplot

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables]

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26
Q

perfect negative correlation

A

r = -1.00

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27
Q

no correlation/relationship

A

r = 0.00

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28
Q

perfect positive correlation

A

r = +1.00

29
Q

the closer a score is to +1 or -1…

A

the stronger the correlation

30
Q

correlation does NOT…

A

prove causation

31
Q

illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relation where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

32
Q

regression toward the mean

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average

33
Q

when fluctuating behavior returns to normal…

A

regression to the mean is probably at work

34
Q

experiment

A

research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes

35
Q

experimental group

A

the group that is exposed to the treatment

36
Q

control group

A

the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment and serves as a base level for comparison

37
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, therefore minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups

38
Q

random sampling/selection is to a well done survey as..

A

random assignment is to a well done experiment

39
Q

double blind procedure

A

am experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

40
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone

41
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is being manipulated in the experiment

42
Q

confounding variable

A

outside factors that aren’t being studied that may influence a study’s results

43
Q

dependent variable

A

the measurable outcome of an experiment

44
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

45
Q

weakness of experimental research methods

A

-sometimes unfeasible
-results may not generalize to other contexts
-not ethical to manipulate certain variables

46
Q

weakness of correlational methods

A

they cannot specify cause and effect

47
Q

weakness of descriptive methods

A

-no control of variables
-single cases may be misleading

48
Q

informed consent

A

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

49
Q

debrief

A

the post experimental explanation of the study including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants

50
Q

ethics code of APA

A

-obtain informed consent from potential participants
-protect participants from greater than usual harm
-keep information about participants confidential
-fully debrief participants

51
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
-measures of central tendency
-measures of variation

52
Q

histogram

A

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

53
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

54
Q

mean

A

the arithmeti average of a dsitribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

55
Q

median

A

the middle score in a distribution, half the scores are above it and half are below it

56
Q

skewed distribution

A

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

57
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

58
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

59
Q

normal curve

A

a symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

60
Q

inferential statistics

A

numerical data that allows one to generalize and infer from sample data (make predictions)

61
Q

statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is than an obtained result occurred by change

62
Q

if you have a p-value of 0.05 or less

A

then the data is statistically significant and can be applied to general populations

63
Q

statistical significance indicates…

A

the likelihood that a result could have happened by chance but it has no effect on the importance of the result.

64
Q

informed assent

A

when minors agree to participate in clinical trials.
This is different from informed consent, because minors cannot provide consent in the full meaning of the word

65
Q

4 hallmarks of ethics

A

The four hallmarks of ethics are:
-Informed Consent
-Protection from harm
-Confidentiality
-Debriefing

66
Q

Percentile Rank

A

the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it.

67
Q

institutional review board (IRB) guidelines

A

they review studies done by psychologists
- it needs to be clear that participants had informed consent and understood the risks
- they make sure the research is not unnecessarily risky
-no harm done to patients
- the risks must be outweighed by the benefits
-they will reject studies that violate these guidelines

68
Q

Institutional Animal Care and use committee (IACUC) guidelines

A
  • researchers must have ethical studies
  • positive environment for participants and that participants trust the researcher
  • the study must have integrity and be transparent to participants

ap psych (13 decks)

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