intelligence (modules 37-41) Flashcards
intelligence is
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
general intelligence (g)
one intelligence that underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
who was charles spearman
believed in general intelligence (g) and noted that people often have outstanding abilities, those who score high in one category tend to do well in others
special intelligence (s)
the special or outstanding abilities that people may have
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items(factors) on a test
factor analysis is used…
to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
seven clusters of primary mental abilities
perceptual speed,
numerical ability,
inductive reasoning,
memory,
verbal comprehension,
spatial ability,
word fluency,
l.l.thurstone
opponent of spearman who identified the seven clusters of primary mental abilities
those who excelled in one of the 7 clusters…
generally scored well in the other clusters
howard gardner
indentified eight relatively independent intelligences with a possible ninth
gardner’s multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist intelligence
savant syndrome
a rare condition in which a person limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
how does savant syndrome connect to gardner’s multiple intelligences
gardner believes that these eight intelligence as individual separate domains and so that if brain damage were to occur, one ability may be destroyed while others stay completely in tact
robert sternberg
proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence which includes: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
analytical intelligence
aka academic problem solving intelligence; assessed by intelligence tests with well-defined problems
creative intelligence
the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas
practical intelligence
required for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and may have multiple solutions
while higher intelligence scores are often met with success
that is not always the case and success is not a one ingredient recipe
sucess is a combination of
talent and grit
grit
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
social intelligence
the know-how involved in understanding social situations and managing ourselves successfully
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
the four main abilities of emotional intelligence are
perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions
emotionally intelligent people tend to find more success in
relationship, career, and parenting situations, than more so academically smarter people
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
achievement test
test designed to measure what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person’s future skills
aptitude
the capacity to learn
a college entrance exam is an example of an
aptitude test
an AP exam is an example of an
achievement test
Francis galton
was interested in psychometrics and measuring mind but his research didn’t support his theories. he also believed in eugenics and selective breeding
alfred binet
created the first intelligence test because the french wanted to be able to better identify which children needed extra support in school
mental age
the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age
lewis terman
stanford university professor who edited binet’s test to extend the range to “superior” adults, creating the standford-binet test
william stern
created what we know was the IQ or intelligence quotient test
intelligence quotient
(mental age/ chronological age) x 100
stanford binet test
the widely used american version of binet’s original test
the IQ test worked well for children but
did not work well for adults
68% of people who took the iq test fell between
85 and 115 iq
david weschler
created WAIS and WISC which are more accurate and more widely used intelligence tests
WAIS and WISC include:
subtests of finding similarities, vocabulary, block design, letter-number sequencing; it also provides individual scores for certain skills which can help identify disability.
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
normal curve
the bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
confirming reliability
the test is split in half, retested, or given alternative versions; the higher correlation between the two scores means the higher the reliability
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases with agre
cross-sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
longitudinal study
research that flows and retests the same people of overtime
intelligence tends to remain
stable throughout our whole lifetime
those who are more intelligent tend to live healthier longer lives because
-intelligence fosters education
-intelligence encourages healthy living
-prenatal events or early childhood illness may affect intelligence
-a well wired body fosters both intelligence and longevity
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability which means an iq of 70 or lower and the inability to adapt to independent life
down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
gifted
iq of 135 or higher with 140 being a genius
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes
sterotype threat
a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
interpersonal intelligence
ability to work well with and understand others emotionally and socially
body-kinesthetic intelligence
ability to control body movements and handle objects
verbal-linguistic intelligence
ability to understand word meanings and sounds
musical intelligence
ability to produce and understand pitch, tempo, and rhythm
visual-spatial intelligence
ability to think in images and pictures
logical-mathematical
ability to think abstractly and see patterns and logic and math
