clinical psychology part i Flashcards
psychopathology
any pattern of emotions or behaviors inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals
psychological disorder
persistently harmful thoughts feelings and actions
4D’s of psychological disorders
-deviant
-distressful
-dysfunctional
-dangerous
indicators of abnormality
maladaptiveness, irrationality, unpredictability, undesirable behavior
neurobiological model
when physiological factors influence behavior
neurobiological causes
-genetic or biological defects
-chemical imbalances in the brain
neurobiological treatment
prescribing medications such as antidepressant drugs
behavioral model
behavior is learned by rewards and punishments and associations
behavioral causes
bad behaviors are learned
behavioral treatment
focus on eliminating unwanted behavior
cognitive model
how we think of a situation influences our behavior and the current thoughts we are aware of
cognitive causes
abnormal or irrational thoughts cause abnormal behavior
cognitive treatment
strategies to change abnormal thoughts
humanistic model
problems arise when feelings and perceptions are denied
humanistic causes
person has lost sight of one’s own feelings, goals, perception of the self
humanistic treatment
emphasize the individual’s ability to help himself with some assistance
psychoanalytic model
stresses the influence of the unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts and behaviors
psychoanalytic causes
unconscious conflicts that have been repressed
treatment
psychoanalysis - probing the unconscious mind to identify unconscious conflicts so that they can be resolved
medical model
view that mental disorders were diseases of the mind that have objective causes and treatment
-biological approach
philippe pinel
had idea that mental illness needed to be diagnosed on basis of symptoms and cured through therapy
general anxiety disorder
a psychological problem where persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety occur without any eternal cause
panic disorder
a disturbance marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread where a person my experience terror, chest pains, choking among other symptoms.
Ataque de nervios
disorder than resembles panic disorder but is seen in Latin-Mediterranean and Latin-American cultures
agoraphobia
panic that develops when people find themselves in situations from which they cannot easily escape
phobias
a persistent and irrational fear associated with a specific object, activity, or situation
specific phobia
phobias with specific triggers
-ex: spiders
social phobia
shyness taken to the exterme
taijin kyofusho
japanese version of social phobia but it’s the fear that people are judging their bodies as undesirable and unpleansant
preparedness hypothesis
this theory suggest we carry and innot tendency to respond quickly and autmatica to similar that posed a survial theater tour ancestors
-explaisn why we fear snakes and lightning more than electrical outlets and cars
Anterior cingulate cortex
monitors actions and checks for errors, hyperactive in patients with OCD
obsessive compulsive disorder
performing compulsive rituals to relieve anxious tension
ptsd
reliving traumatic event through memories and dreams
hypervigilance
the experience of being in a high state of alert
flashbacks
a vivid experience in which you relieve some aspects of a traumatic event
two common depressive disorders
-major depression
-bipolar disorder
major depression
-a form of depression that doesn’t alternate with mania
-lasts a prolonged period of time
causes of depression
-genetic dispositions
-serotonin deficiency
-low self esteem
cognitive approach to depression
negative thinking styles are learned and modifiable
3 main causes of increasing depression
-out of control individualism/self centeredness
-culture of victimology
-the self esteem movement
persisent depressive disorder
depression/depressive mood for 2+ years
bipolar disorders
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and overexcited state of mania
bipolar I
has more severe highs of mania and may not have depressive episodes
bipolar II
experience hypomania (less severe highs) and depressive episodes
manic episode
a sudden rapidly escalating emotional state
schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions/actions
positive symptoms
inappropriate behaviors that are present
negative symptoms
appropriate behaviors that are not present
disorganized thinking
false beliefs, often of persecution or granduer that may accompany psychotic disorders
catatonia
remain motionless for hours then become agitated
flat affect
emotionless state
chronic/process schizophrenia
slow-developing, recovery is doubtful
acute/reactive schizophrenia
when previous well adjusted people develop schizophrenia rapidly following life stresses
-recovery is more likely
neurodevelopmental disorders
autism and adhd
somatoform disorders
psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms such as weakness or excessive worry about disease
conversion disorder
a disorder marked by paralysis or loss of sensation with no discernible physical cause
illness anxiety disordr
worried about health and disease and getting sick
-response is mostly cognitive
somatic symptom disorder
symptoms already present, mostly cognitive distress about them
factitious disorder
pretend to have symptoms for no real personal gain
glove anesthesia
a conversion where a person can’t feel their hand
-neurologically impossible to only not feel hand due to wiring of neurons
dissociative disorders
a group of pathologies involving the fragmentation of the personality
-some parts of the personality become detached
dissociative amnesia
a psychologically induced loss of memory of personal information
-like forgetting one’s identity
dissociative fugue
a combination of fugue, or “flight” and amnesia
-heavy use of alcohol may predispose a person to this
dissociative identity disorder
a condition where an individual displays multiple identities or personalities
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder that causes a persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health
bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binges and purges
Binge Eating Disorder
An eating disorder characterized by a binge without purge
cluster A personality disorders
disruption in relationships
-paranoid
-schizoid
-schizotypal
schizoid
detachment from social relationships
-flat effect
schizotypal
acute discomfort with close relationships and consistent withdrawal
cluster B personality disorders
dramatic and erratic behavior
-antisocial
-histrionic
-narcissistic
-borderline
borderline personality disorder
pattern of instability of self image and interpersonal relationships, fear of abandonment, emotional extremes, anxiety and depression accompany
histrionic
a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, extremes in emotion, comes off as immature.
cluster C personality disorders
share anxiety, worry, fear
-dependent
-avoidant
-ocd
dependent personality disorder
anxiety about other people detaching from them
avoidant personality disorder
anxiety comes from feelings of not feeling good enough
